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Orta Doğu Kavramı ve Orta Doğu’nun Tarihsel Kırılma Noktaları (1878-1979)

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 45, 1 - 26, 05.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2024-1430261

Öz

Modern Orta Doğu kavramı, 19. yüzyılda Batı devletlerinin kolonyal gündemlerinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. O tarihten günümüze kadar Orta Doğu toprakları, Batılı güçlerin siyasi, stratejik ve iktisadi amaçları ekseninde hâkimiyet kurma çabalarına sahne olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Orta Doğu kavramının nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve 1878-1979 yılları arasında Orta Doğu’nun tarihsel kırılma noktaları ile bunun Batı kamuoyu algısına etkisi incelenecektir. Makale, temelde iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde; belirli siyasal amaçlar doğrultusunda Orta Doğu’nun coğrafi, sosyolojik ve politik bir imkân olarak modern dönemde nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığı ele alınmaktadır. Ardından 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden 20. yüzyılın ilk üç çeyreğine dek, zihinlerdeki Orta Doğu kurgusunun şekillenmesine yol açan gelişmeler, bu düşünsel bağlam içinde değerlendirilmektir. Burada amaçlanan Orta Doğu olarak nitelenen bölgedeki gelişmelerin modern dönemde kronolojik bir dökümünü yapmak değildir. Bunun yerine 1878-1979 yılları arasında yaşanan gelişmelerin, günümüzde özellikle Batı kamuoyunun zihninde oluşturduğu “Orta Doğu” algısına etkisi incelenecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamian, Ervand: A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008. google scholar
  • Abadan, Yavuz: “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Anayasa Sistemine Geçiş Hareketleri”, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin 100. Yılına Armağan: Meclis ve Milli Egemenlik Yazıları Seçkisi, der.: Hamit Emrah Beriş, TBMM Yayınları, Ankara, 2022. google scholar
  • Abu-Laban, Baha: “The National Character in the Egyptian Revolution”, The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 1, No. 2, (Jan. 1967), p. 179. google scholar
  • Al-Rodhan, Nayef R.H, Greame P. Herd, Lisa Watanabe: Critical Turning Points in the Middle East: 1915-2015, Palgrave Macmilla, New York, 2011. google scholar
  • Ansari, Ali M.: “The Myth of the White Revolution: Mohammad Reza Shah, ‘Modernization’ and the Consolidation of Power”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 37, No.1, 2001, p.1. google scholar
  • Ayhan, Veysel: “HAMAS: Filistin Direnişinde Politik İslam”, Ortadoğu Etütleri, C. 1, Vol. 1, Temmuz 2009, p. 103-104. google scholar
  • Barr, James: Kırmızı Çizgi, Paylaşılamayan Toprakların Yakın Tarihi, translated by Ekin Can Göksoy, Pegasus Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016. google scholar
  • Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet: Türkiye Devleti’nin Dış Siyasası, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1995. google scholar
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  • Bozarslan, Hamit: Orta Doğu: Bir Şiddet Tarihi, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011. google scholar
  • Catherwood, Christopher: A Brief History of the Middle East: From Abraham to Arafat, Carol and Graf Publishers, New York, 2006. google scholar
  • Chirol, Valentina: The Middle East Question: Or Some Problems of Indian Defence, John Murray, Albemarle Street, London, 1903. google scholar
  • Cleavend, W.: Modern Orta Doğu Tarihi, translated by Mehmet Harmacı, Agora Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008. google scholar
  • Coppes, Clayton R.: “Captain Mahan, General Gordon, and the Origins of the Term ‘Middle East”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jan. 1976), p. 96. google scholar
  • Coşar, Nevin, Demirci, Sevtap: “The Mosul Question and the Turkish Republic: Before and after the Frontier Treaty, 1926”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, (Jan. 2006), p.123. google scholar
  • Çağaptay, Soner: “Race, Assimilation and Kemalism: Turkish Nationalism and the Minorities in the 1930s,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 40, No. 3, (May 2004), p. 86-101. google scholar
  • Dabashi, Hamid: İran: Ketlenmiş Halk, translated by Emine Ayhan, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008. google scholar
  • Davison, Roderic H.: “Where is the Middle East”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 38, No.4 (Jul. 1960), p. 666-668. google scholar
  • Davutoğlu, Ahmet: Stratejik Derinlik, Küre Yayınları, 19. Baskı, İstanbul, 2004. google scholar
  • Deringil, Selim: Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An Active Neutrality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 1989. google scholar
  • Deringil, Selim: “II. Abdülhamid’in Dış Politikası”, Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyete Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, C. II, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1985. google scholar
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  • Dilaveri, Ebu’l Fazl: Modern İran’da Şehir, Kimlik ve Siyaset, İran: Ulusal Kimlik İnşası, Ed. Hamid Ahmedi, çev.: Hakkı Uygur, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009. google scholar
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  • Dodge, Tobby: Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied, Columbia University Press, New York, 2003. google scholar
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The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979)

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 45, 1 - 26, 05.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2024-1430261

Öz

The concept of the modern Middle East originated in the 19th century due to the colonial ambitions of Western nations. Since then, the Middle East has been a battleground for Western powers seeking to assert control over its political, strategic, and economic interests. This study examines the historical construction of the “Middle East” concept, focusing on the period between 1878 and 1979 as a critical juncture. It analyzes how this construction shaped the perception of the region in Western public opinion. The article is divided into two main parts. The first part examines how the Middle East was perceived as a geographical, sociological, and political asset for specific political goals in the modern era. It then analyzes the events that shaped the concept of the Middle East from the late 19th century to the late 20th century within this ideological framework. The focus is not on providing a chronological account of Middle Eastern developments in the modern era but on assessing how the events between 1878 and 1979 have influenced the Western public’s perception of the “Middle East” today.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamian, Ervand: A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008. google scholar
  • Abadan, Yavuz: “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Anayasa Sistemine Geçiş Hareketleri”, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin 100. Yılına Armağan: Meclis ve Milli Egemenlik Yazıları Seçkisi, der.: Hamit Emrah Beriş, TBMM Yayınları, Ankara, 2022. google scholar
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  • Beaumont, Peter, Gerald H. Blake, Malcolm Wagstaff: The Middle East: A Geographical Study, Wiley, London, 1976. google scholar
  • Bozarslan, Hamit: Orta Doğu: Bir Şiddet Tarihi, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011. google scholar
  • Catherwood, Christopher: A Brief History of the Middle East: From Abraham to Arafat, Carol and Graf Publishers, New York, 2006. google scholar
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  • Cleavend, W.: Modern Orta Doğu Tarihi, translated by Mehmet Harmacı, Agora Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008. google scholar
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  • Dabashi, Hamid: İran: Ketlenmiş Halk, translated by Emine Ayhan, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008. google scholar
  • Davison, Roderic H.: “Where is the Middle East”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 38, No.4 (Jul. 1960), p. 666-668. google scholar
  • Davutoğlu, Ahmet: Stratejik Derinlik, Küre Yayınları, 19. Baskı, İstanbul, 2004. google scholar
  • Deringil, Selim: Turkish Foreign Policy during the Second World War: An Active Neutrality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 1989. google scholar
  • Deringil, Selim: “II. Abdülhamid’in Dış Politikası”, Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyete Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, C. II, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1985. google scholar
  • Devlin, John F.: “The Baath Party: Rise and Metamorphosis”, The American Historical Review, Vol. 96, No. 5, (Dec. 1991), p. 1396-1407. google scholar
  • Dilaveri, Ebu’l Fazl: Modern İran’da Şehir, Kimlik ve Siyaset, İran: Ulusal Kimlik İnşası, Ed. Hamid Ahmedi, çev.: Hakkı Uygur, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009. google scholar
  • Dilek, Kaan: “İran’da Meşrutiyet Hareketi ve Dönemin Siyasi Gelişmeleri”, Akademik ORTA DOĞU, C. 2, Vol. 1, 2007, p. 66. google scholar
  • Dodge, Tobby: Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied, Columbia University Press, New York, 2003. google scholar
  • Eraslan, Cezmi: II. Abdülhamid ve İslam Birliği, Ötüken Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992. google scholar
  • Erendil, Muzaffer: Çağdaş Orta Doğu Olayları, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara, 1992. google scholar
  • Frisch, Hillel: “The PLO and theArabs in Israel 1967-93: Politicization or Radicalization?” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 2. No. 3, 1996, p. 446-464. google scholar
  • Fromkin, David: A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 2001. google scholar
  • Fromkin, David: “The Great Game in Asia”, Foreign Affairs Vol. 58, No. 4 (Spring 1980), p. 936. google scholar
  • Gerwarth, Robert, Manela, Erez: Empires At War, Oxford University Press, England, 2014. google scholar
  • Ghasimi, Reza: “Iran’s Oil Nationalization and Mossadegh’s Involvement with the World Bank”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 65, No. 3, (Summer 2011), p. 443. google scholar
  • Gönlübol, Mehmet: Olaylarla Türk Dış Politikası (1919-1995), Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara, 1996. google scholar
  • Handley, William J.: “The Labor Movement in Egypt”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, (July 1949), p. 277-292. google scholar
  • Hughes, Matthew: “From Law and Order to Pacification: Britain’s Suppression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine,1936-39”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2, (Winter 2010), p. 15-16. google scholar
  • Issawi, Charles: “The 1973 Oil Crisis and After,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics”, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter 1978-1979), p. 4-12. google scholar
  • Jaber, Kamel S. Abu: Arap Baas Sosyalist Partisi, translated by Ahmet Ersoy, Altınok Matbaası, Ankara, 1970. google scholar
  • Jahanpour, Farhang: “Iran: The Rise and Fall of the Tudeh Party”, The World Today, Vol. 40, No. 4, (Apr. 1984), p.154. google scholar
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  • Keleşoğlu, Erhan: “Filistin’den Bir Toplumsal Hareket: Hamas”, Toplumsal Hareketler: Tarih, Teori Deneyim, der.: Y. Doğan Çetinkaya, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008, p. 513. google scholar
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  • Kramer, Martin: “The Middle East: Old and New”, Daedalus, Vol. 126, No. 2 (Spring 1997), p. 89. google scholar
  • Laqueur, Walter: A History of Zionism, Publisher: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1972. google scholar
  • Lewis, Bernard: Ortadoğu’nun Çoklu Kimliği, translated by Mehmet Harmancı, Sabah Kitapları, İstanbul, 2000. google scholar
  • Mahan, Alfred Thayer: “The Persian Gulf and International Relations” National Review, (September 1902), p. 39. google scholar
  • Mehideb, Salah Eddine: British Presence in the Middle East: Emancipation or Colonization, Case Study: Iraq 1918-1958, University of Mentouri, Constantine, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Algérie, 2010. google scholar
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  • Meriç, Cemil: Kırk Ambar, Ötüken Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, 1980. google scholar
  • Mohseni, Navid: “Images of the Middle East: Exploring a Fascination”, Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 7, No. 13, (September 1998), p. 86. google scholar
  • Nofal, Mamdouh-Fawaz Turki, Haidar Abdel Shafi, Inea Bushnaq, Yezid Sayigh, Shafiq al-Hout, Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Musa Budeiri: “Reflections on Al-Nakba”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1, (Autumn 1998), p. 20. google scholar
  • Okur, Mehmet Akif: ‘‘Emperyalizmin Ortadoğu Tecrübesinden Bir Kesit: Suriye’de Fransız Mandası’’, Bilig, Vol. 48, (Winter 2009), p. 142. google scholar
  • Ottolenghi, Michael: “Harry Truman’s Recognition of Israel”, The Historical Journal, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Dec. 2004), p. 964. google scholar
  • Öke, M. Kemal: Siyonizm ve Filistin Sorunu 1880-1923, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2011. google scholar
  • Özcan, Mesut: “Ortadoğu’da Sınırlar ve Sorunlar”, Anlayış Dergisi, S. 74, 2009, p. 45. google scholar
  • Özcan, Mesut: Sorunlu Miras Irak, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003. google scholar
  • Özdemir, Bülent, Irkıçatal, Eftal: İngiliz Arap Büro Raporlarında Arap Ayaklanması Bir İsyanın Kodları, Yitik Hazine Yayınları, İzmir, 2011. google scholar
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  • Palmer, Monte: “The United Arab Republic: An Assessment of Its Failure”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1, (Winter 1966), p. 50. google scholar
  • Perry, John R.: “Language Reform in Turkey and Iran”, Men of Order: Auhoritarian Modernization under Atatürk and Reza Shah, ed.: Touraj Atabaki, Erik Jan Zürcher, I.B. Tauris, London, New York, 2004. google scholar
  • Sharp, Brian P.: British Colonization of Iraq, 1918-1932, Marine Corps University, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Virginia, 2008. google scholar
  • Smolansky, O.M.: “Moscow and the Suez Crisis, 1956: A Reappraisal”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Dec., 1965), p. 604. google scholar
  • Spagnolo, J.P: “French Influence in Syria Prior to World War I: The Functional Weakness of Imperialism”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 23, No.1, (Winter 1969), p. 45. google scholar
  • Soysal, İsmail: Türkiye’nin Siyasal Andlaşmaları (1920-1945), C. 1, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 2000. google scholar
  • Tepedenlioğlu, N. Nazif: İlan-ı Hürriyet ve Sultan II. Abdülhamit Han, Yeni Çığır Kitapevi, İstanbul, 1960. google scholar
  • Tripp, Charles: A History of Iraq, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2002. google scholar
  • Williams, Beryl J.: “The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907”, The Historical Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1966), p. 360-373. google scholar
  • Yaphe, Judith S.: “War and Occupation in Iraq: What Went Right? What Could Go Wrong?”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 57, No. 3, (Summer 2003), p. 383-384. google scholar
  • Varol, Özge: II. Abdülhamit Dönemi’nde Düyun-u Umumiye İdaresi, Kuruluşu ve İşleyişi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2007. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, Hüseyin: “The Eastern Question and the Ottoman Empire: The Genesis of the Near and the Middle East in the Nineteenth Century”, Is There a Middle East: The Evolution of a Geographical Concept, ed. by Michael E. Bonnie, Abbas Amanat, Michael Ezekiel Gasper, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2012. google scholar
  • Zürcher, Erik Jan: Modernleşen Türkiye’nin Tarihi, translated by Yasemin Saner, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013. google scholar
  • D’Errico, Peter: “What’s a Colonized Mind?”, Indian Country, (Online) http:// indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/12/12/what-colonized-mind. 15 November 2023. google scholar
  • Kipling, Rudyard: White Man’s Burden, Internet Modern History Sourcebook, (Online) http://www1.udel.edu/History-old/figal/Hist104/assets/pdf/readings/11whitemanb urden.pdf, 3 December 2023. google scholar
  • Simon, Rachel: “Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912)”, International Encylopedia of the First World War, (Online) http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/pdf/1914-1918-Online-italo-turkish_war_1911-1912-2016-08-23.pdf, 2 November 2023. google scholar
  • Türkiye became a member of NATO in 1952: (Online) https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index_tr.html, 18 June 2023. google scholar
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hulusi Köse 0009-0000-7193-4490

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 45

Kaynak Göster

APA Köse, H. (2024). The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979). Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları(45), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2024-1430261
AMA Köse H. The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979). Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları. Temmuz 2024;(45):1-26. doi:10.26650/YTA2024-1430261
Chicago Köse, Hulusi. “The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979)”. Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, sy. 45 (Temmuz 2024): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2024-1430261.
EndNote Köse H (01 Temmuz 2024) The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979). Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları 45 1–26.
IEEE H. Köse, “The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979)”, Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, sy. 45, ss. 1–26, Temmuz 2024, doi: 10.26650/YTA2024-1430261.
ISNAD Köse, Hulusi. “The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979)”. Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları 45 (Temmuz 2024), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.26650/YTA2024-1430261.
JAMA Köse H. The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979). Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları. 2024;:1–26.
MLA Köse, Hulusi. “The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979)”. Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları, sy. 45, 2024, ss. 1-26, doi:10.26650/YTA2024-1430261.
Vancouver Köse H. The Concept of the Middle East and the Historical Breaking Points of the Middle East (1878-1979). Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları. 2024(45):1-26.