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Yeni Çalışma Düzenlerinde Çevresel Etkililik: Hibrit Modelin Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 152 - 165, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1776205

Öz

COVID-19 pandemisi ile birlikte hız kazanan uzaktan ve hibrit çalışma düzenleri, yalnızca iş yapış biçimlerini değil, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik tartışmalarını da derinden etkilemiştir. Bu çalışma, hibrit çalışma modelinin çevresel etkilerini Türkiye bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Anlatı odaklı sistematik literatür taraması yöntemiyle yürütülen araştırmada, Web of Science, Scopus ve Dergipark veri tabanlarında yayımlanmış akademik çalışmalar ile OECD ve ILO gibi kurum raporları değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, hibrit çalışmanın ulaşım kaynaklı karbon emisyonlarını anlamlı ölçüde azaltabileceğini; ancak ev ve ofis kaynaklı enerji tüketimlerinin bu kazanımları sınırlayabileceğini göstermektedir. Özellikle haftada 2–3 gün uzaktan çalışmayı temel alan takvimlendirme stratejileri, emisyonlarda kayda değer düşüşler sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, konut enerji verimliliğini artırmaya yönelik önlemler, ofis mekân yönetimi ve ulaşım talep yönetimi stratejileri çevresel faydaların sürdürülebilirliğinde kritik rol oynamaktadır. Çalışma, hibrit çalışmanın çevresel boyutuna odaklanan sınırlı sayıdaki araştırmalara özgün katkı sunmakta; iş dünyası ve politika yapıcılar için yol gösterici öneriler geliştirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, hibrit model yalnızca bireysel ve kurumsal verimlilik açısından değil, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik perspektifinden de stratejik bir araç olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Akça, M., & Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). Covid-19 ve İş Yaşamına Etkileri: Evden Çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71-81.
  • Aslan, M., Yaman, F., Aksu, A., & Topgül, E. (2021). COVİD-19 döneminde evden çalışma ve çalışanların görev performansı: Çağrı merkezi çalışanlarında bir araştırma. BusinessManagement Studies:An International Journal, s. 1255- 1269
  • Baker, D. (2021). The Future Of Work is Hybrid. The Future of work is hybrid could covid be the catalyst for organizations to implement a hybrid workplace model?, 21. Stockholm, İsveç: KTH Royal Institute Technology.
  • Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2021). Why working from home will stick. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Başaran, E., & Ünal, H. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemi Döneminde Özel Bankaların Çalışan Deneyimi Tasarımı. International Journal Of Social, Humanities And Administrative Sciences, s. 654-672
  • Baykal, E., & Divrik, B. (2023). Employee involvement in sustainability projects in emergent markets: Evidence from Turkey. Sustainability, 15(18), 13929.
  • Borg, Cornelia ve O'Sullivan, Caoimhe, (2021) The Corporate Brand Identity in a Hybrid Workplace Model, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Lund Üniversitesi.
  • Cevheribucak, G. (2021). Energy transition and sustainable road transportation in Turkey: Multiple policy challenges for inclusive change. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, 631337.
  • Çıplak, Z., Yıldız, S. G., & Doğan, B. (2024). Bilişim Sektörü ve Yakın Alanlardaki Çalışanların; Hibrit, Uzaktan ve Yerinde Çalışma Modelleriyle İlgili Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Bilgi Yönetimi, 7(1), 123-139.
  • Demir, F., & Gergil, G. (2008). Çalışma Hayatında Esneklik Ve Türk Hukukunda Esnek Çalışma. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, s. 68-89.
  • Deschênes, A. (2023). Digital literacy, the use of collaborative technologies, and perceived social proximity in a hybrid work environment: Technology as a social binder. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100351
  • Erdayı, U. (2019), Emek Piyasalarında Esneklik ve Güvence Arasındaki Ütopik Denge: Esneklik - Güvence Dengesi Yaklaşımı, Kamu Politikalarına Sosyal Bakış (Ed. Kurular, Gamze Yıldız), Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, ss.45-72.
  • Esen, D., & Bircan, Ö. (2022). Ar-Ge Çalışanlarının Bakış Açısıyla Evden Çalışma. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, s. 113-132.
  • ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation). (2003). Voluntary agreement on Telework. https://resourcecentre.etuc.org/sites/default/files/201909/Telework_ETUC%20interpretation%20guide%20-%20EN.pdf (erişim tarihi:12.12.2024).
  • Flores, M. F. (2019). Understanding The Challenges Of Remote Working And It’s Impact To Workers. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, 4(11), 4044.
  • Franklin, I. (2024). Hibrit ofis yönetimini kapsamlı dinamik bir teslimat modeliyle dönüştürmek. Kurumsal Gayrimenkul Dergisi . https://doi.org/10.69554/hdjl1003
  • Franzen-Waschke, U. (2022, Ekim 24). DEI & Hybrid Work Environments:A Game Changer or Another Disruptor? GiLE Journal of Skills Development, s. 6-7.
  • GHG Protocol. (2025) Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions (Employee commuting guidance).
  • Göktepe, E. (2020), “Kriz Döneminde İş Sürdürülebilirliğine Yönelik Yönetim Uygulamaları; Cavid-19 Pandemi Araştırması”, Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, S.6(26), ss.630-638.
  • Grzegorczyk, M., Mariniello, M., Nursk, L., & Schraepen T. (2021). Blending the physical and virtual: a hybrid model for the future of work. Policy Contribution, 14 (21), 1-22.
  • Gürcüoğlu, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Uzaktan Çalışma Modelinin Kamuda Uygulanabilirliğine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Cafer Şafak Eyel (Ed.), Covid-19 Sürecinde Çalışma Yaşamı ve İşletme Yönetiminde Yaşanan Değişim içinde (ss. 5-21). İksad Yayınevi.
  • Hardill, I., & Green, A. (2003, Kasım 1). Remote working-altering the spatial contours of work and home in the new economy. New Technology Work And Employment, s. 212-222.
  • Hilberath, C., Beck, S., Kilmann, J., Kaufman, E., Lovic, D., Khandelwal, B., . . . Woolsey, K. (2020). Hybrid Work is the New Remote Work.
  • Hook, A., Sovacool, B. K., & Sorrell, S. (2020). A systematic review of the energy and climate impacts of teleworking. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 093003.
  • Hopkins, J., & Bardoel, A. (2023). The Future Is Hybrid: How Organisations Are Designing and Supporting Sustainable Hybrid Work Models in Post-Pandemic Australia. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043086.
  • ILO (International Labor Organization) & EU (Europe Union). (2020). Telework (Online training series International and EU Labour Standards Background paper). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--- europe/---ro-geneva/---srobudapest/documents/genericdocument/wcms_753334.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.01.20251).
  • Katsabian, T. (2020). The telework virus: how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected telework and exposed its implications for privacy and equality.
  • Kaya, M. (Ocak). The Impact Of Remote Working On Türkiye’S Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Learning From The Experiences Of Covid-19 Era Master Thesis. The Impact Of Remote Working On Türkiye’S Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Learning From The Experiences Of Covid-19 Era Master Thesis.
  • Kharvari, F., Azimi, S., & O’Brien, W. (2022). A comprehensive simulation-based assessment of office building performance adaptability to teleworking scenarios in different Canadian climate zones. In Building Simulation (Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 995-1014). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
  • Kıcır, B. (2019), “Evden Çalışma: Özgürlük Mü Esaret Mi?”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.21(1), ss.173-196.
  • Kitou, E., & Horvath, A. (2008). Energy-related emissions from telework., Policy Analysis
  • Korkusuz, R. (2005). Vardiyalı (Postalar Halinde) Çalışma ve Türk İş Hukuku’ndaki Düzenlemesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 1-18.
  • Kumar, A. S., & Das, J. B. (2022). The Impact of “Hybrid-Work Model” on Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business Management & Research (IJBMR), 12(1), 71-82
  • Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R., Jones, M., Smith, A., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R., . . . Peters, G. (Temmuz). Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, s. 647-653.
  • Licite-Kurbe, L., & Leonovica, R. (2021). Economic Benefits of Remote Work from the Employer Perspective. 22nd International Scientific Conference, Environmental Aspect, Cooperation, Supply Chains, Efficienc. https://doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.034.
  • Mirzaev, B. (2023). Overcomıng global logıstıcs challenges: leveragıng hybrıd work models, dıgıtal ınnovatıon, and operatıonal contınuıty. Ekonomıka I Upravlenıe: Problemy, Reshenıya. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.12.14.013
  • Mortenson, M. ve Haas, M. (2021). Making the Hybrid Workplace Fair. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2021/02/making-the-hybridworkplace-fair, Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2025.
  • OECD (2023a). The future of teleworking: A place-based toolkit for local development. Paris: OECD.
  • OECD (2023b). Economic Policy Reforms 2023: Going for Growth. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Oktar, Ömer Faruk ve Binali Doğan (2021, 01 11). “Yeni Kurumsal Kuram Bağlamında Hibrit Örgütlerde işe Alım ve Sosyalizasyon Politikaları”. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2)7-29
  • Open Sourced Workplace. (2025). Open Sourced Workplace. Open Sourced Workplace Web Sitesi: https://opensourcedworkplace.com/news/types-ofhybrid-work-models
  • Orel, M., Valek, L., & Vergara, J. I. S. (2025). “Distributed Workforces, Reduced Carbon, Humanized Work”: The Expected Environmental Benefits of Hybrid Work (places). In Humanizing the Digital Workspace: Creativity, Innovation and Leadership in the Age of Technology (pp. 567-584). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  • Pashchenko, D. (2024). Consolidation of a New Organizational and Production Paradigm in Software Development Projects. Informacionnye Tehnologii. https://doi.org/10.17587/it.30.150-158
  • Sawatzky, R., & Sawatzky, N. (2022). Competencies for Success in Remote and Hybrid Working Contexts Competencies for Success in Remote and Hybrid Working Contexts [Research 2019- 1022]. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29227.52007
  • ScopesData (2023). Turkey — sustainability country information (vehicle electrification, transport measures). Erişim: https://scopesdata.com/sustainability-country-information/turkey-2023
  • Shabanpour, R., Golshani, N., Tayarani, M., Auld, J., & Mohammadian, A. K. (2018). Analysis of telecommuting behavior and impacts on travel demand and the environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 563-576.
  • Shi, Y., Sorrell, S., & Foxon, T. (2023). The impact of teleworking on domestic energy use and carbon emissions: An assessment for England. Energy and Buildings, 287, 112996.
  • Simon, S., & O’Brien, W. (2023). Pilot study to measure the energy and carbon impacts of teleworking. Buildings & Cities, 4(1).
  • Sirati, M., O'Brien, W., & Cruickshank, C. A. (2024). Household energy and comfort impacts under teleworking scenarios via a zoned residential HVAC system. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 17(1), 111-125.
  • Steude, D. H. (2021). Challenges of Remote Leadership in a Digitalized Working World 4.0. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research, 85(1), 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1515/mosr2021-0005
  • Tagge, N., Martin, L., & McGuinness, S. (2024). Reflecting on the Impact of Hybrid Work on an Academic Library Using the Socio-Ecological Model. Library Leadership & Management. https://doi.org/10.5860/llm.v38i1.7591
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  • Vartiainen, M., & Vanharanta, O. (2023). Hybrid Work: Definition, Origins, Debates and Outlook [Research]. Report number: WPEF23002. Affiliation: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12847.71844
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Environmental Efficiency in New Work Arrangements: Assessing the Hybrid Model in Terms of Sustainability

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 152 - 165, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1776205

Öz

The rapid adoption of remote and hybrid work arrangements during the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reshaped not only organizational practices but also debates on environmental sustainability. This study aims to examine the environmental impacts of the hybrid work model within the context of Turkey. Using a narrative-based systematic literature review, academic articles indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and Dergipark, along with reports from institutions such as OECD and ILO, were analyzed. Findings indicate that hybrid work has the potential to considerably reduce transportation-related carbon emissions; however, increased household and office energy consumption may offset these benefits. Scheduling strategies that include remote work for 2–3 days per week appear to deliver meaningful emission reductions. Furthermore, household energy efficiency measures, office space management, and transportation demand management play a critical role in sustaining these environmental gains. The study provides an original contribution to the limited research on the environmental dimension of hybrid work and develops practical recommendations for businesses and policymakers. In conclusion, the hybrid model should be regarded not only as a means to enhance individual and organizational productivity but also as a strategic tool for advancing environmental sustainability.

Kaynakça

  • Akça, M., & Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). Covid-19 ve İş Yaşamına Etkileri: Evden Çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71-81.
  • Aslan, M., Yaman, F., Aksu, A., & Topgül, E. (2021). COVİD-19 döneminde evden çalışma ve çalışanların görev performansı: Çağrı merkezi çalışanlarında bir araştırma. BusinessManagement Studies:An International Journal, s. 1255- 1269
  • Baker, D. (2021). The Future Of Work is Hybrid. The Future of work is hybrid could covid be the catalyst for organizations to implement a hybrid workplace model?, 21. Stockholm, İsveç: KTH Royal Institute Technology.
  • Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2021). Why working from home will stick. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Başaran, E., & Ünal, H. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemi Döneminde Özel Bankaların Çalışan Deneyimi Tasarımı. International Journal Of Social, Humanities And Administrative Sciences, s. 654-672
  • Baykal, E., & Divrik, B. (2023). Employee involvement in sustainability projects in emergent markets: Evidence from Turkey. Sustainability, 15(18), 13929.
  • Borg, Cornelia ve O'Sullivan, Caoimhe, (2021) The Corporate Brand Identity in a Hybrid Workplace Model, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Lund Üniversitesi.
  • Cevheribucak, G. (2021). Energy transition and sustainable road transportation in Turkey: Multiple policy challenges for inclusive change. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, 631337.
  • Çıplak, Z., Yıldız, S. G., & Doğan, B. (2024). Bilişim Sektörü ve Yakın Alanlardaki Çalışanların; Hibrit, Uzaktan ve Yerinde Çalışma Modelleriyle İlgili Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Bilgi Yönetimi, 7(1), 123-139.
  • Demir, F., & Gergil, G. (2008). Çalışma Hayatında Esneklik Ve Türk Hukukunda Esnek Çalışma. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, s. 68-89.
  • Deschênes, A. (2023). Digital literacy, the use of collaborative technologies, and perceived social proximity in a hybrid work environment: Technology as a social binder. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100351
  • Erdayı, U. (2019), Emek Piyasalarında Esneklik ve Güvence Arasındaki Ütopik Denge: Esneklik - Güvence Dengesi Yaklaşımı, Kamu Politikalarına Sosyal Bakış (Ed. Kurular, Gamze Yıldız), Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, ss.45-72.
  • Esen, D., & Bircan, Ö. (2022). Ar-Ge Çalışanlarının Bakış Açısıyla Evden Çalışma. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, s. 113-132.
  • ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation). (2003). Voluntary agreement on Telework. https://resourcecentre.etuc.org/sites/default/files/201909/Telework_ETUC%20interpretation%20guide%20-%20EN.pdf (erişim tarihi:12.12.2024).
  • Flores, M. F. (2019). Understanding The Challenges Of Remote Working And It’s Impact To Workers. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, 4(11), 4044.
  • Franklin, I. (2024). Hibrit ofis yönetimini kapsamlı dinamik bir teslimat modeliyle dönüştürmek. Kurumsal Gayrimenkul Dergisi . https://doi.org/10.69554/hdjl1003
  • Franzen-Waschke, U. (2022, Ekim 24). DEI & Hybrid Work Environments:A Game Changer or Another Disruptor? GiLE Journal of Skills Development, s. 6-7.
  • GHG Protocol. (2025) Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions (Employee commuting guidance).
  • Göktepe, E. (2020), “Kriz Döneminde İş Sürdürülebilirliğine Yönelik Yönetim Uygulamaları; Cavid-19 Pandemi Araştırması”, Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, S.6(26), ss.630-638.
  • Grzegorczyk, M., Mariniello, M., Nursk, L., & Schraepen T. (2021). Blending the physical and virtual: a hybrid model for the future of work. Policy Contribution, 14 (21), 1-22.
  • Gürcüoğlu, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Uzaktan Çalışma Modelinin Kamuda Uygulanabilirliğine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Cafer Şafak Eyel (Ed.), Covid-19 Sürecinde Çalışma Yaşamı ve İşletme Yönetiminde Yaşanan Değişim içinde (ss. 5-21). İksad Yayınevi.
  • Hardill, I., & Green, A. (2003, Kasım 1). Remote working-altering the spatial contours of work and home in the new economy. New Technology Work And Employment, s. 212-222.
  • Hilberath, C., Beck, S., Kilmann, J., Kaufman, E., Lovic, D., Khandelwal, B., . . . Woolsey, K. (2020). Hybrid Work is the New Remote Work.
  • Hook, A., Sovacool, B. K., & Sorrell, S. (2020). A systematic review of the energy and climate impacts of teleworking. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 093003.
  • Hopkins, J., & Bardoel, A. (2023). The Future Is Hybrid: How Organisations Are Designing and Supporting Sustainable Hybrid Work Models in Post-Pandemic Australia. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043086.
  • ILO (International Labor Organization) & EU (Europe Union). (2020). Telework (Online training series International and EU Labour Standards Background paper). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--- europe/---ro-geneva/---srobudapest/documents/genericdocument/wcms_753334.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.01.20251).
  • Katsabian, T. (2020). The telework virus: how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected telework and exposed its implications for privacy and equality.
  • Kaya, M. (Ocak). The Impact Of Remote Working On Türkiye’S Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Learning From The Experiences Of Covid-19 Era Master Thesis. The Impact Of Remote Working On Türkiye’S Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Learning From The Experiences Of Covid-19 Era Master Thesis.
  • Kharvari, F., Azimi, S., & O’Brien, W. (2022). A comprehensive simulation-based assessment of office building performance adaptability to teleworking scenarios in different Canadian climate zones. In Building Simulation (Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 995-1014). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
  • Kıcır, B. (2019), “Evden Çalışma: Özgürlük Mü Esaret Mi?”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.21(1), ss.173-196.
  • Kitou, E., & Horvath, A. (2008). Energy-related emissions from telework., Policy Analysis
  • Korkusuz, R. (2005). Vardiyalı (Postalar Halinde) Çalışma ve Türk İş Hukuku’ndaki Düzenlemesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 1-18.
  • Kumar, A. S., & Das, J. B. (2022). The Impact of “Hybrid-Work Model” on Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business Management & Research (IJBMR), 12(1), 71-82
  • Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R., Jones, M., Smith, A., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R., . . . Peters, G. (Temmuz). Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, s. 647-653.
  • Licite-Kurbe, L., & Leonovica, R. (2021). Economic Benefits of Remote Work from the Employer Perspective. 22nd International Scientific Conference, Environmental Aspect, Cooperation, Supply Chains, Efficienc. https://doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.034.
  • Mirzaev, B. (2023). Overcomıng global logıstıcs challenges: leveragıng hybrıd work models, dıgıtal ınnovatıon, and operatıonal contınuıty. Ekonomıka I Upravlenıe: Problemy, Reshenıya. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.12.14.013
  • Mortenson, M. ve Haas, M. (2021). Making the Hybrid Workplace Fair. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2021/02/making-the-hybridworkplace-fair, Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2025.
  • OECD (2023a). The future of teleworking: A place-based toolkit for local development. Paris: OECD.
  • OECD (2023b). Economic Policy Reforms 2023: Going for Growth. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Oktar, Ömer Faruk ve Binali Doğan (2021, 01 11). “Yeni Kurumsal Kuram Bağlamında Hibrit Örgütlerde işe Alım ve Sosyalizasyon Politikaları”. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2)7-29
  • Open Sourced Workplace. (2025). Open Sourced Workplace. Open Sourced Workplace Web Sitesi: https://opensourcedworkplace.com/news/types-ofhybrid-work-models
  • Orel, M., Valek, L., & Vergara, J. I. S. (2025). “Distributed Workforces, Reduced Carbon, Humanized Work”: The Expected Environmental Benefits of Hybrid Work (places). In Humanizing the Digital Workspace: Creativity, Innovation and Leadership in the Age of Technology (pp. 567-584). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  • Pashchenko, D. (2024). Consolidation of a New Organizational and Production Paradigm in Software Development Projects. Informacionnye Tehnologii. https://doi.org/10.17587/it.30.150-158
  • Sawatzky, R., & Sawatzky, N. (2022). Competencies for Success in Remote and Hybrid Working Contexts Competencies for Success in Remote and Hybrid Working Contexts [Research 2019- 1022]. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29227.52007
  • ScopesData (2023). Turkey — sustainability country information (vehicle electrification, transport measures). Erişim: https://scopesdata.com/sustainability-country-information/turkey-2023
  • Shabanpour, R., Golshani, N., Tayarani, M., Auld, J., & Mohammadian, A. K. (2018). Analysis of telecommuting behavior and impacts on travel demand and the environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 563-576.
  • Shi, Y., Sorrell, S., & Foxon, T. (2023). The impact of teleworking on domestic energy use and carbon emissions: An assessment for England. Energy and Buildings, 287, 112996.
  • Simon, S., & O’Brien, W. (2023). Pilot study to measure the energy and carbon impacts of teleworking. Buildings & Cities, 4(1).
  • Sirati, M., O'Brien, W., & Cruickshank, C. A. (2024). Household energy and comfort impacts under teleworking scenarios via a zoned residential HVAC system. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 17(1), 111-125.
  • Steude, D. H. (2021). Challenges of Remote Leadership in a Digitalized Working World 4.0. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research, 85(1), 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1515/mosr2021-0005
  • Tagge, N., Martin, L., & McGuinness, S. (2024). Reflecting on the Impact of Hybrid Work on an Academic Library Using the Socio-Ecological Model. Library Leadership & Management. https://doi.org/10.5860/llm.v38i1.7591
  • Tao, Y., Yang, L., Jaffe, S., Amini, F., Bergen, P., Hecht, B., & You, F. (2023). Climate mitigation potentials of teleworking are sensitive to changes in lifestyle and workplace rather than ICT usage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(39), e2304099120.
  • Tao, Y., You, S., Zhu, J., & You, F. (2024). Energy, climate, and environmental sustainability of trend toward occupational-dependent hybrid work: Overview, research challenges, and outlook. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141083.
  • TDK (Türk Dil Kurumu). (2024). Genel Türkçe Sözlük, https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (erişim tarihi:04.11.2024).
  • Tutar, H. (2002), “Sanal Ofislerde Koordinasyon ve İletişim: Teorik Bir Çerçeve”, Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, S.2, ss.15-30.
  • Vartiainen, M., & Vanharanta, O. (2023). Hybrid Work: Definition, Origins, Debates and Outlook [Research]. Report number: WPEF23002. Affiliation: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12847.71844
  • Wu, H., Chang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024). Greenhouse gas emissions under work from home vs. office: An activity-based individual-level accounting model. Applied Energy, 353, 122167.
  • Xie, J. L., Elangovan, A. R., Hu, J., ve Hrabluik, C. (2018). Charting new terrain in work design: a study of hybrid work characteristics. Applied Psychology. doi:10.1111/apps.12169
  • Yorulmaz, H. (2025). Uzaktan (Tele) Çalışmada Madalyonun İki Yüzü: Güncel Kanıtlar Işığında Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Katkısı ve Potansiyel Sosyal Riskler. Ekonomi İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 25-40.
  • Yosunkaya, M. (2023). Hybrid Employees Approaches Toward Hybrid Working and the Work-Life Balance: A Field Study. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, (85), 169-198.
  • Zheng, Y., Wang, S., Liu, L., Aloisi, J., & Zhao, J. (2024). Impacts of remote work on vehicle miles traveled and transit ridership in the USA. Nature Cities, 1(5), 346-358.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 152 - 165, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1776205

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akça, M., & Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). Covid-19 ve İş Yaşamına Etkileri: Evden Çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71-81.
  • Aslan, M., Yaman, F., Aksu, A., & Topgül, E. (2021). COVİD-19 döneminde evden çalışma ve çalışanların görev performansı: Çağrı merkezi çalışanlarında bir araştırma. BusinessManagement Studies:An International Journal, s. 1255- 1269
  • Baker, D. (2021). The Future Of Work is Hybrid. The Future of work is hybrid could covid be the catalyst for organizations to implement a hybrid workplace model?, 21. Stockholm, İsveç: KTH Royal Institute Technology.
  • Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2021). Why working from home will stick. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Başaran, E., & Ünal, H. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemi Döneminde Özel Bankaların Çalışan Deneyimi Tasarımı. International Journal Of Social, Humanities And Administrative Sciences, s. 654-672
  • Baykal, E., & Divrik, B. (2023). Employee involvement in sustainability projects in emergent markets: Evidence from Turkey. Sustainability, 15(18), 13929.
  • Borg, Cornelia ve O'Sullivan, Caoimhe, (2021) The Corporate Brand Identity in a Hybrid Workplace Model, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Lund Üniversitesi.
  • Cevheribucak, G. (2021). Energy transition and sustainable road transportation in Turkey: Multiple policy challenges for inclusive change. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, 631337.
  • Çıplak, Z., Yıldız, S. G., & Doğan, B. (2024). Bilişim Sektörü ve Yakın Alanlardaki Çalışanların; Hibrit, Uzaktan ve Yerinde Çalışma Modelleriyle İlgili Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Bilgi Yönetimi, 7(1), 123-139.
  • Demir, F., & Gergil, G. (2008). Çalışma Hayatında Esneklik Ve Türk Hukukunda Esnek Çalışma. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, s. 68-89.
  • Deschênes, A. (2023). Digital literacy, the use of collaborative technologies, and perceived social proximity in a hybrid work environment: Technology as a social binder. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100351
  • Erdayı, U. (2019), Emek Piyasalarında Esneklik ve Güvence Arasındaki Ütopik Denge: Esneklik - Güvence Dengesi Yaklaşımı, Kamu Politikalarına Sosyal Bakış (Ed. Kurular, Gamze Yıldız), Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, ss.45-72.
  • Esen, D., & Bircan, Ö. (2022). Ar-Ge Çalışanlarının Bakış Açısıyla Evden Çalışma. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, s. 113-132.
  • ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation). (2003). Voluntary agreement on Telework. https://resourcecentre.etuc.org/sites/default/files/201909/Telework_ETUC%20interpretation%20guide%20-%20EN.pdf (erişim tarihi:12.12.2024).
  • Flores, M. F. (2019). Understanding The Challenges Of Remote Working And It’s Impact To Workers. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, 4(11), 4044.
  • Franklin, I. (2024). Hibrit ofis yönetimini kapsamlı dinamik bir teslimat modeliyle dönüştürmek. Kurumsal Gayrimenkul Dergisi . https://doi.org/10.69554/hdjl1003
  • Franzen-Waschke, U. (2022, Ekim 24). DEI & Hybrid Work Environments:A Game Changer or Another Disruptor? GiLE Journal of Skills Development, s. 6-7.
  • GHG Protocol. (2025) Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions (Employee commuting guidance).
  • Göktepe, E. (2020), “Kriz Döneminde İş Sürdürülebilirliğine Yönelik Yönetim Uygulamaları; Cavid-19 Pandemi Araştırması”, Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, S.6(26), ss.630-638.
  • Grzegorczyk, M., Mariniello, M., Nursk, L., & Schraepen T. (2021). Blending the physical and virtual: a hybrid model for the future of work. Policy Contribution, 14 (21), 1-22.
  • Gürcüoğlu, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Uzaktan Çalışma Modelinin Kamuda Uygulanabilirliğine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Cafer Şafak Eyel (Ed.), Covid-19 Sürecinde Çalışma Yaşamı ve İşletme Yönetiminde Yaşanan Değişim içinde (ss. 5-21). İksad Yayınevi.
  • Hardill, I., & Green, A. (2003, Kasım 1). Remote working-altering the spatial contours of work and home in the new economy. New Technology Work And Employment, s. 212-222.
  • Hilberath, C., Beck, S., Kilmann, J., Kaufman, E., Lovic, D., Khandelwal, B., . . . Woolsey, K. (2020). Hybrid Work is the New Remote Work.
  • Hook, A., Sovacool, B. K., & Sorrell, S. (2020). A systematic review of the energy and climate impacts of teleworking. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9), 093003.
  • Hopkins, J., & Bardoel, A. (2023). The Future Is Hybrid: How Organisations Are Designing and Supporting Sustainable Hybrid Work Models in Post-Pandemic Australia. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043086.
  • ILO (International Labor Organization) & EU (Europe Union). (2020). Telework (Online training series International and EU Labour Standards Background paper). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--- europe/---ro-geneva/---srobudapest/documents/genericdocument/wcms_753334.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.01.20251).
  • Katsabian, T. (2020). The telework virus: how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected telework and exposed its implications for privacy and equality.
  • Kaya, M. (Ocak). The Impact Of Remote Working On Türkiye’S Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Learning From The Experiences Of Covid-19 Era Master Thesis. The Impact Of Remote Working On Türkiye’S Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Learning From The Experiences Of Covid-19 Era Master Thesis.
  • Kharvari, F., Azimi, S., & O’Brien, W. (2022). A comprehensive simulation-based assessment of office building performance adaptability to teleworking scenarios in different Canadian climate zones. In Building Simulation (Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 995-1014). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
  • Kıcır, B. (2019), “Evden Çalışma: Özgürlük Mü Esaret Mi?”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.21(1), ss.173-196.
  • Kitou, E., & Horvath, A. (2008). Energy-related emissions from telework., Policy Analysis
  • Korkusuz, R. (2005). Vardiyalı (Postalar Halinde) Çalışma ve Türk İş Hukuku’ndaki Düzenlemesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, s. 1-18.
  • Kumar, A. S., & Das, J. B. (2022). The Impact of “Hybrid-Work Model” on Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Business Management & Research (IJBMR), 12(1), 71-82
  • Le Quéré, C., Jackson, R., Jones, M., Smith, A., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R., . . . Peters, G. (Temmuz). Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, s. 647-653.
  • Licite-Kurbe, L., & Leonovica, R. (2021). Economic Benefits of Remote Work from the Employer Perspective. 22nd International Scientific Conference, Environmental Aspect, Cooperation, Supply Chains, Efficienc. https://doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.034.
  • Mirzaev, B. (2023). Overcomıng global logıstıcs challenges: leveragıng hybrıd work models, dıgıtal ınnovatıon, and operatıonal contınuıty. Ekonomıka I Upravlenıe: Problemy, Reshenıya. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.12.14.013
  • Mortenson, M. ve Haas, M. (2021). Making the Hybrid Workplace Fair. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2021/02/making-the-hybridworkplace-fair, Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2025.
  • OECD (2023a). The future of teleworking: A place-based toolkit for local development. Paris: OECD.
  • OECD (2023b). Economic Policy Reforms 2023: Going for Growth. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Oktar, Ömer Faruk ve Binali Doğan (2021, 01 11). “Yeni Kurumsal Kuram Bağlamında Hibrit Örgütlerde işe Alım ve Sosyalizasyon Politikaları”. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2)7-29
  • Open Sourced Workplace. (2025). Open Sourced Workplace. Open Sourced Workplace Web Sitesi: https://opensourcedworkplace.com/news/types-ofhybrid-work-models
  • Orel, M., Valek, L., & Vergara, J. I. S. (2025). “Distributed Workforces, Reduced Carbon, Humanized Work”: The Expected Environmental Benefits of Hybrid Work (places). In Humanizing the Digital Workspace: Creativity, Innovation and Leadership in the Age of Technology (pp. 567-584). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  • Pashchenko, D. (2024). Consolidation of a New Organizational and Production Paradigm in Software Development Projects. Informacionnye Tehnologii. https://doi.org/10.17587/it.30.150-158
  • Sawatzky, R., & Sawatzky, N. (2022). Competencies for Success in Remote and Hybrid Working Contexts Competencies for Success in Remote and Hybrid Working Contexts [Research 2019- 1022]. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29227.52007
  • ScopesData (2023). Turkey — sustainability country information (vehicle electrification, transport measures). Erişim: https://scopesdata.com/sustainability-country-information/turkey-2023
  • Shabanpour, R., Golshani, N., Tayarani, M., Auld, J., & Mohammadian, A. K. (2018). Analysis of telecommuting behavior and impacts on travel demand and the environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 563-576.
  • Shi, Y., Sorrell, S., & Foxon, T. (2023). The impact of teleworking on domestic energy use and carbon emissions: An assessment for England. Energy and Buildings, 287, 112996.
  • Simon, S., & O’Brien, W. (2023). Pilot study to measure the energy and carbon impacts of teleworking. Buildings & Cities, 4(1).
  • Sirati, M., O'Brien, W., & Cruickshank, C. A. (2024). Household energy and comfort impacts under teleworking scenarios via a zoned residential HVAC system. Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 17(1), 111-125.
  • Steude, D. H. (2021). Challenges of Remote Leadership in a Digitalized Working World 4.0. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research, 85(1), 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1515/mosr2021-0005
  • Tagge, N., Martin, L., & McGuinness, S. (2024). Reflecting on the Impact of Hybrid Work on an Academic Library Using the Socio-Ecological Model. Library Leadership & Management. https://doi.org/10.5860/llm.v38i1.7591
  • Tao, Y., Yang, L., Jaffe, S., Amini, F., Bergen, P., Hecht, B., & You, F. (2023). Climate mitigation potentials of teleworking are sensitive to changes in lifestyle and workplace rather than ICT usage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(39), e2304099120.
  • Tao, Y., You, S., Zhu, J., & You, F. (2024). Energy, climate, and environmental sustainability of trend toward occupational-dependent hybrid work: Overview, research challenges, and outlook. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141083.
  • TDK (Türk Dil Kurumu). (2024). Genel Türkçe Sözlük, https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (erişim tarihi:04.11.2024).
  • Tutar, H. (2002), “Sanal Ofislerde Koordinasyon ve İletişim: Teorik Bir Çerçeve”, Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, S.2, ss.15-30.
  • Vartiainen, M., & Vanharanta, O. (2023). Hybrid Work: Definition, Origins, Debates and Outlook [Research]. Report number: WPEF23002. Affiliation: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12847.71844
  • Wu, H., Chang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2024). Greenhouse gas emissions under work from home vs. office: An activity-based individual-level accounting model. Applied Energy, 353, 122167.
  • Xie, J. L., Elangovan, A. R., Hu, J., ve Hrabluik, C. (2018). Charting new terrain in work design: a study of hybrid work characteristics. Applied Psychology. doi:10.1111/apps.12169
  • Yorulmaz, H. (2025). Uzaktan (Tele) Çalışmada Madalyonun İki Yüzü: Güncel Kanıtlar Işığında Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Katkısı ve Potansiyel Sosyal Riskler. Ekonomi İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 25-40.
  • Yosunkaya, M. (2023). Hybrid Employees Approaches Toward Hybrid Working and the Work-Life Balance: A Field Study. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, (85), 169-198.
  • Zheng, Y., Wang, S., Liu, L., Aloisi, J., & Zhao, J. (2024). Impacts of remote work on vehicle miles traveled and transit ridership in the USA. Nature Cities, 1(5), 346-358.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Örgütsel Davranış
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Bedirhan Elden 0000-0001-5955-1606

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Elden, B. (2025). Yeni Çalışma Düzenlerinde Çevresel Etkililik: Hibrit Modelin Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. İzmir Yönetim Dergisi, 6(2), 152-165. https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1776205

Makalenizi sisteme yüklemeden önce mutlaka şablon'lardan ve yazım kurallarından faydalanınız. Yazım kurallarına uygun olmayan çalışmaların hakem süreci başlatılmayacaktır.