Investigation of the antimicrobial activity of water and methanol extracts of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak) plant against some pathogenic microorganisms

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 964 - 969, 28.12.2024

Aysel Veyisoğlu , Yusuf Emre Balta , Demet Tatar

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.4.25

Cited By: 3

Abstract

The toothbrush tree Salvadora persica L, also called miswak, belonging to the family Salvadoraceae, is one of the most important of the 182 plant species used as chewing sticks. It is widely used in many Asian, African and Middle Eastern countries. The roots, branches and stems of this plant have been used for oral hygiene and small miswak sticks have been used as toothpicks for oral hygiene. In this study, commercially purchased Salvadora persica, L. (Miswak) plant used in oral hygiene were tested against seven pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and two fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) at eight different concentrations (200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12. 5 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml, 3 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml) were determined. While the aqueous extract did not show any antimicrobial activity against seven pathogens, the methanol extract showed activity against three pathogens. The methanol extract of S. persica showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6623 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060 strains.

Keywords

Salvadora persica , Methanol , Antimicrobial Activity , Micro-dilution , Disc Diffusion

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

Tübitak 2209-A/1919B012321374

Thanks

We thank TÜBİTAK for supporting our research.

References

• Al-Ayed, M.S., Asaad, A.M., Qureshi, M.A., Attia, H.G., & AlMarrani, A.H. (2016). Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak) Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Clinical Isolates. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016:7083964. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7083964
• Al-Bayati, F.A., & Sulaiman, K.D. (2008). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Salvadora persica L. Extracts Against Some Isolated Oral Pathogens in Iraq. Turkish Journal of Biology, 32(1), 57-62.
• Alili, N., Türp, J.C., Kulik, E.M., & Waltimo, T. (2014). Volatile Compounds of Salvadora persica Inhibit The Growth of Oral Candida species. Archives of Oral Biology, 59(5), 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.02.001
• Alireza, R.G.A, Afsaneh, R., Seied, Hosein, M.S., Siamak, Y., Afshin, K., Zeinab, K., Mahvash, M.J., & Amir, Reza, R. (2014). Inhibitory Activity of Salvadora persica Extracts Against Oral Bacterial Strains Associated With Periodontitis: An In-vitro study. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 4(1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2014.01.001
• Al-Sieni, A. I. (2014). The Antibacterial Activity of Traditionally Used Salvadora persica L (Miswak) and Commiphora gileadensis (Palsam) in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Traditional, Alternative and Complementary Medicines, 11(1), 23-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i1.3
• Apaydın, E. (2018). Salvadora persica (Misvak) Bitkisinden Elde Edilen Uçucu Yağın Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Araştırılması. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 22(3), 1001-1006. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.332517
• Asaad, A.M., Zayed, Al-Ayed, M.S., & Qureshi, M.A. (2013). Emergence of Unusual Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Nosocomial Pathogens in A Saudi Hospital. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 66(6), 507-511. https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.66.507
• Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic Susceptibilty Testing by A Standardized Single Disk Method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493
• Elabd, F.M., Al-Ayed, M.S.Z., Asaad, A.M., Alsareii, S.A., Qureshi, M.A., & Musa, H.A.-A. (2015). Molecular Characterization of Oxacillinases among Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Nosocomial Isolates in A Saudi hospital. Journal of Infection and Public Health., 8(3), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2014.10.002
• Elnabris, K.J., Elmanama, A.A., & Chihadeh, W.N. (2013). Antibacterial Activity of Four Marine Seaweeds Collected from The Coast of Gaza Strip, Palestine. Mesopotamian Journal Marine Science, 28(1), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.58629/mjms.v28i1.157
• Fallah, M., Fallah, F., Kamalinejad, M., Malekan, M. A., Akhlaghi, Z., & Esmaeili, M. (2015). The Antimicrobial Effect of Aquatic Extract of Salvadora persica on Mycobacterium bovis In Vitro. International Journal of Mycobacteriology., 4(1), 167-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.10.043
• Gomez-Flores, R., Tamez-Guerra, P., Tamez-Guerra, R., Rodriguez-Padilla, C., Monreal-Cuevas, E., Hauad-Marroquin, L. A., Cordova-Puente, C. & Rangel-Llanas, A. (2006). In Vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Nopalea cochenillifera Pad Extracts. American Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajidsp.2006.1.8
• Gümüş, B., & Ünlüsayin, M. (2016). Tüketilebilir İki Makroalg Ekstraktının Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 33(4), 389-395. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.4.13
• Güneş, E., & Alkan, S. (2024). Ramaria aurea Ekstraktlarının Anti-MRSA ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesinin Belirlenmesi, Mantar Dergisi, 15(2), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.30708/mantar.1514853
• Hassanin, A.A., Saad, A.M., Bardisi, E.A., Salama, A., & Sitohy, M.Z. (2020). Transfer of Anthocyanin Accumulating Delila and Rosea1 Genes from The Transgenic Tomato Microtom Cultivar to Moneymaker Cultivar by Conventional Breeding. J Agric Food Chem, 68, 10741-10749. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03307
• Kandil, O., Radwan, N.M., Hassan, A.B., Amer, A.M.M., & El-Banna, H.A. (1994). Extracts and Fractions of Thymus capitatus Exhibit Antimicrobial Activities. J. Ethnopharmacol,. 44, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90094-9
• Magiorakos, A.-P., Srinivasan, A., Carey, R.B., Carmeli, Y., Falagas, M.E., Giske, C.G., Harbarth, S., Hindler, J.F., Kahlmeter, G., Olsson-Liljequist, B., Paterson, D.L., Rice, L.B., Stelling, J., Struelens, M.J., Vatopoulos, A., Weber, J.T., & Monnet, D.L. (2012). Multidrug-Resistant, Extensively Drug-Resistant and Pandrug-Resistant Bacteria: An International Expert Proposal for Interim Standard Definitions for Acquired Resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection., 18(3), 268-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
• Mohammed, S.G. (2013). Comparative Study of In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Miswak Extracts and Different Toothpastes. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science., 8(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2013.82.88
• Naseem, S., Hashmi, K., Fasih, F., Sharafat, S., & Khanani, R. (2014). In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Miswak against Common Oral Pathogens. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences., 30(2), 398-403. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.302.4284
• Ramalingam, A., & Amutha, C. (2013). Antibacterial Activity of Four Seaweed Collected from Thondi Coast, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences, 3(1), 60-64.
• Saad, A.M., Mohamed, A.S., & Ramadan, M.F. (2020). Storage and Heat Processing Affect Flavors of Cucumber Juice Enriched with Plant Extracts. Int. J. Veg. Sci,1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2020.1779895
• Sher, H., AlYamani, M. N., & Wijaya, L. (2011). Ethnobotanical and Antibacterial Potential of Salvadora persica: A Well-Known Medicinal Plant in Arab and Union System of Medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research., 5(7), 1224-1229.
• Sofrata, A. H., Claesson, R. L. K., Lingström, P. K., & Gustafsson, A. K. (2008). Strong Antibacterial Effect of Miswak Against Oral Microorganisms Associated With Periodontitis and Caries. Journal of Periodontology, 79(8), 1474-1479. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2008.070506
• Upadhyay, R.K., Ahmad, S., Tripathi, R., Rohtagi, L., & Jain, S.C. (2010). Screening of Antimicrobial Potential of Extracts and Pure Compounds Isolated from Capparis decidua. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(6), 439-445.
• World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). Fact Sheet. 194. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved in September, 30, 2024 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance