Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses

Muhammed Said Yolcu

doi:10.31015/2025.si.15

Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the impacts of varying cadmium doses (0, 25, 100 µmol) and specific biostimulants (ascorbic acid, gibberellic acid, Bacillus megaterium, and Frateuria aurantia) on the growth parameters, macro-micro mineral elements, chlorophylls, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total antioxidants, total carotenoids, MDA, and phenolic compounds of Rosmarinus officinalis L. The study employed a factorial design in a completely randomized experimental setup with three replications conducted in open-field pot trials. Cadmium applications induced significant negative stress across all growth parameters, mineral element absorption except for iron and zinc, biochemical parameters except for total antioxidants and MDA, and all phenolic compoundsIn the gibberellic acid treatments, root length, seedling length, root fresh weight, seedling fresh weight, root dry weight (statistically in the same group as Bacillus megaterium), potassium, magnesium, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and catechin hydrate exhibited the highest values compared to the controls and other biostimulants, making it the most effective treatment in mitigating cadmium stress. Ascorbic acid treatments proved to be the most effective in enhancing the plant’s tolerance to cadmium stress by inducing the greatest increases in vanillin, naringin, resveratrol, and chrysin levels among the phenolic compounds. Frateuria aurantia rhizobacteria applications contributed to alleviating cadmium stress by increasing total phenolic and potassium absorption the most compared to other applications. Applications of Bacillus megaterium rhizobacteria were the most effective biostimulant in reducing cadmium stress by maximally increasing calcium, manganese and copper absorption, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and levels of various phenolic compounds such as rutin, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid and quercetin. In this study, it was demonstrated that each biostimulant used could be effective in mitigating cadmium stress through different parameters.

Keywords

Biochemical parameter, Biostimulants, Cadmium stress, Growth, Rosemary

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Primary Language

English

Subjects

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Muhammed Said Yolcu ^*
0009-0004-2101-0985
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 28, 2025

Submission Date

October 14, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 16, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 9 Number: Special

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.15

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA74HW58BY

APA

Yolcu, M. S. (2025). Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 9(Special), 72-81. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.15

AMA

1.Yolcu MS. Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9(Special):72-81. doi:10.31015/2025.si.15

Chicago

Yolcu, Muhammed Said. 2025. “Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 (Special): 72-81. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.15.

EndNote

Yolcu MS (December 1, 2025) Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 Special 72–81.

IEEE

[1]M. S. Yolcu, “Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 9, no. Special, pp. 72–81, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.31015/2025.si.15.

ISNAD

Yolcu, Muhammed Said. “Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9/Special (December 1, 2025): 72-81. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.15.

JAMA

1.Yolcu MS. Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9:72–81.

MLA

Yolcu, Muhammed Said. “Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 9, no. Special, Dec. 2025, pp. 72-81, doi:10.31015/2025.si.15.

Vancouver

1.Muhammed Said Yolcu. Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025 Dec. 1;9(Special):72-81. doi:10.31015/2025.si.15

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Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses

Biostimulants Mitigate Cadmium Stress in Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.): A Comparative Analysis of Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemical Responses

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