Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla

Mehmet Çavuşoğlu; Mehmet Ferit Demirel; Nesrin İnceören; İsmail Yener; Eda Çavuş Kaya; Mehmet Fırat; İhsan Alacabey; Sevgi İrtegün Kandemir; Abdulselam Ertaş

doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21

Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla

Abstract

In this study, the phytochemical profile and biological activities of ethanol extracts of Salvia ceratophylla were comprehensively investigated. LC-MS/MS analyses identified numerous phenolic compounds, with rosmarinic acid determined as the dominant constituent across all extracts, reaching its highest level in the SCL extract (25140.57 µg/g). While hesperidin was consistently present in all extracts (336.37-361.91 µg/g), apigenin was found at notably high levels, particularly in the SCF extract (4720.14 µg/g). Additionally, malic acid (3430.91 µg/g, SCF) and caffeic acid (205.90 µg/g, SCL) were quantified at significant levels. GC-MS analyses revealed high concentrations of sterols and triterpenoids, including β-sitosterol (SCR: 5611.73 µg/g; SCM: 9733.81 µg/g), 7α-hydroxy-β-sitosterol (SCM: 8826.46 µg/g), oleanolic acid (38842.62 µg/g, SCM), and ursolic acid (74385.03 µg/g, SCM). These compounds are well-documented in the literature for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. When antioxidant activities were examined, the SCL extract exhibited the strongest effect in the DPPH (IC₅₀: 45.14 µg/mL), ABTS (IC₅₀: 5.68 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A_0.5: 3.33 µg/mL) assays. It was found that all extracts generally showed no toxicity in the healthy cell line (PDF); in fact, some extracts were found to have a cell-proliferation-promoting effect. It was found that they did not exhibit any cytotoxic activity in the Caco-2 cell line. In contrast, the SCM fraction exhibited moderate cytotoxicity in the SkOV3 cell line, with a viability rate of 68.12%. Enzyme inhibition activities were generally weak; however, the SCR extract displayed significant inhibition against BChE (52.01±1.33%), while the SCM extract exhibited limited activity against urease (5.25±0.22%) and collagenase (8.01±0.15%). In conclusion, S. ceratophylla extracts possess strong antioxidant capacity due to their high phenolic and flavonoid contents, alongside a rich sterol and triterpenoid composition, highlighting their potential as a source of bioactive compounds warranting further investigation. These findings support the utilization of the species as a source of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords

Salvia ceratophylla, LC-MS/MS, Rosmarinic acid, Oleanolic acid, Ursolic acid, Cytotoxic activity

Supporting Institution

The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Dicle University (DÜBAP)

Project Number

FEN 25.001

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Food Chemistry and Food Sensory Science

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mehmet Çavuşoğlu ^*
0000-0002-8871-5646
Türkiye

Mehmet Ferit Demirel
0000-0002-3645-4472
Türkiye

Nesrin İnceören
0000-0003-0363-6488
Türkiye

İsmail Yener
0000-0002-0988-9462
Türkiye

Eda Çavuş Kaya
0000-0002-5359-8056
Türkiye

Mehmet Fırat
0000-0001-5814-614X
Türkiye

İhsan Alacabey
0000-0002-3080-2296
Türkiye

Sevgi İrtegün Kandemir
0000-0001-6160-5626
Türkiye

Abdulselam Ertaş
0000-0002-2193-8386
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

June 28, 2026

Publication Date

June 29, 2026

Submission Date

May 21, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 27, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA77TC54LU

APA

Çavuşoğlu, M., Demirel, M. F., İnceören, N., Yener, İ., Çavuş Kaya, E., Fırat, M., Alacabey, İ., İrtegün Kandemir, S., & Ertaş, A. (2026). Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 10(2), 479-491. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21

AMA

1.Çavuşoğlu M, Demirel MF, İnceören N, et al. Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026;10(2):479-491. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21

Chicago

Çavuşoğlu, Mehmet, Mehmet Ferit Demirel, Nesrin İnceören, et al. 2026. “Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation of Extracts from Different Parts of Salvia Ceratophylla”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 10 (2): 479-91. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21.

EndNote

Çavuşoğlu M, Demirel MF, İnceören N, Yener İ, Çavuş Kaya E, Fırat M, Alacabey İ, İrtegün Kandemir S, Ertaş A (June 1, 2026) Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 10 2 479–491.

IEEE

[1]M. Çavuşoğlu et al., “Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 479–491, June 2026, doi: 10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21.

ISNAD

Çavuşoğlu, Mehmet - Demirel, Mehmet Ferit - İnceören, Nesrin - Yener, İsmail - Çavuş Kaya, Eda - Fırat, Mehmet - Alacabey, İhsan - İrtegün Kandemir, Sevgi - Ertaş, Abdulselam. “Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation of Extracts from Different Parts of Salvia Ceratophylla”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 10/2 (June 1, 2026): 479-491. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21.

JAMA

1.Çavuşoğlu M, Demirel MF, İnceören N, Yener İ, Çavuş Kaya E, Fırat M, Alacabey İ, İrtegün Kandemir S, Ertaş A. Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026;10:479–491.

MLA

Çavuşoğlu, Mehmet, et al. “Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation of Extracts from Different Parts of Salvia Ceratophylla”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 10, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 479-91, doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21.

Vancouver

1.Mehmet Çavuşoğlu, Mehmet Ferit Demirel, Nesrin İnceören, İsmail Yener, Eda Çavuş Kaya, Mehmet Fırat, İhsan Alacabey, Sevgi İrtegün Kandemir, Abdulselam Ertaş. Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026 Jun. 1;10(2):479-91. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.2.21

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Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla

Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity evaluation of extracts from different parts of Salvia ceratophylla

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