The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions

Yemliha Çirkin; Sezgin Arda; Hasret Güneş; Muzaffer Kırpık; Ceren Ayşe Bayram; Gökhan Büyük

doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6

The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

In this greenhouse study, the effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiology were evaluated. Key parameters assessed included color, photosynthesis, SPAD value, morphological traits (head length, head diameter, stem diameter, plant height, canopy width, head fresh and dry weights), root colonization, and soil spore density. The most pronounced results were as follows: Funneliformis mosseae applied alone, together with its binary and ternary combinations with Trichoderma virens and Nigella sativa seed cake, yielded the highest color values. Numerically, individual applications of Funneliformis mosseae and Nigella sativa seed cake produced the highest photosynthesis rates. The triple combination maximized head length, head diameter, head dry weight, and soil spore density. Funneliformis mosseae alone produced the greatest plant height, stem diameter, and canopy width. Compared with the control, the triple combination treatment significantly increased head dry weight and head length, while Funneliformis mosseae alone increased plant height and canopy width by approximately 32% and 125%, respectively, and also resulted in a 26% increase in the photosynthesis rate. Overall, these findings suggest that combining microbial inoculants and plant waste significantly improves broccoli morphology and physiological traits, highlighting their practical value as sustainable alternatives to chemical inputs in greenhouse broccoli cultivation.

Keywords

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Broccoli, Greenhouse cultivation, Nigella sativa seed cake, Trichoderma virens

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Phytopathology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Yemliha Çirkin
0009-0008-9433-5528
Türkiye

Sezgin Arda
0009-0003-9166-5015
Türkiye

Hasret Güneş ^*
0000-0003-3155-2695
Türkiye

Muzaffer Kırpık
0000-0002-8089-2533
Türkiye

Ceren Ayşe Bayram
0000-0002-1570-273X
Türkiye

Gökhan Büyük
0000-0002-0522-3188
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 3, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

May 23, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 1, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA66YH96ZX

APA

Çirkin, Y., Arda, S., Güneş, H., Kırpık, M., Bayram, C. A., & Büyük, G. (2026). The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, Advanced Online Publication, 596-603. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6

AMA

1.Çirkin Y, Arda S, Güneş H, Kırpık M, Bayram CA, Büyük G. The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):596-603. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6

Chicago

Çirkin, Yemliha, Sezgin Arda, Hasret Güneş, Muzaffer Kırpık, Ceren Ayşe Bayram, and Gökhan Büyük. 2026. “The Effects of Funneliformis Mosseae, Trichoderma Virens, and Nigella Sativa Seed Cake on Broccoli Growth and Physiological Characteristics under Greenhouse Conditions”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication: 596-603. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6.

EndNote

Çirkin Y, Arda S, Güneş H, Kırpık M, Bayram CA, Büyük G (September 1, 2026) The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences Advanced Online Publication 596–603.

IEEE

[1]Y. Çirkin, S. Arda, H. Güneş, M. Kırpık, C. A. Bayram, and G. Büyük, “The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 596–603, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6.

ISNAD

Çirkin, Yemliha - Arda, Sezgin - Güneş, Hasret - Kırpık, Muzaffer - Bayram, Ceren Ayşe - Büyük, Gökhan. “The Effects of Funneliformis Mosseae, Trichoderma Virens, and Nigella Sativa Seed Cake on Broccoli Growth and Physiological Characteristics under Greenhouse Conditions”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences. Advanced Online Publication (September 1, 2026): 596-603. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6.

JAMA

1.Çirkin Y, Arda S, Güneş H, Kırpık M, Bayram CA, Büyük G. The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026;:596–603.

MLA

Çirkin, Yemliha, et al. “The Effects of Funneliformis Mosseae, Trichoderma Virens, and Nigella Sativa Seed Cake on Broccoli Growth and Physiological Characteristics under Greenhouse Conditions”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication, Sept. 2026, pp. 596-03, doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6.

Vancouver

1.Yemliha Çirkin, Sezgin Arda, Hasret Güneş, Muzaffer Kırpık, Ceren Ayşe Bayram, Gökhan Büyük. The effects of Funneliformis mosseae, Trichoderma virens, and Nigella sativa seed cake on broccoli growth and physiological characteristics under greenhouse conditions. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026 Sep. 1;(Advanced Online Publication):596-603. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.6

International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences

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