The world is faced with many significant environmental challenges, such as climate change, on a global scale. Sustainable nutrition has an important role in solving these problems. In this study, we aimed to determine the sustainable nutrition knowledge and attitudes of university students. The study was completed with 889 students. It was found that 71.2% of male students think that foods have no effect on the environment. All students had a mean sustainable nutrition knowledge score of 16.0 ± 5.3. As income increased, sustainable nutrition practices scores decreased (p<0.05). Sustainable nutrition knowledge scores of overweight and obese individuals were found to be lower than those of participants with normal BMIs (p<0.05). Red meat is eaten 1-2 days a week by 73.7% of the students. Also, 85.7% of students do not separate their wastes. This study is the first to provide data on the knowledge and attitudes of Turkish university students on food sustainability from a national and holistic perspective. The results show that there is a significant lack of knowledge regarding the characteristics of sustainable nutrition. It is extremely important to help people understand how food affects the environment. In this context, various research and training approaches are needed.
We would like to thank the schools for their cooperation, and the interviewed students who made this research possible.
References
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Alsaffar, A. A. (2016). Sustainable diets: The interaction between food industry, nutrition, health and the environment. Food science and technology international, 22(2), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013215572029
Ayşe, A., & Ali, B. (2020). Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Antropometrik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Verilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 5(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1208767
Bailey, R. L., West Jr, K. P., & Black, R. E. (2015). The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 66(Suppl. 2), 22-33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000371618
Blondin, S. A., Mueller, M. P., Bakun, P. J., Choumenkovitch, S. F., Tucker, K. L., & Economos, C. D. (2016). Cross-sectional associations between empirically-derived dietary patterns and indicators of disease risk among university students. Nutrients, 8(1), 3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010003
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Çabuk, B. K., Cem. (2003). Environment of University Students Examining the Sensitivity. Journal of Faculty Educational Sciences, 36(1), 189-198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000000079
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Kıyan, E. K., & İkizoğlu, B. (2020). Types of waste in the context of waste management and general overview of waste disposal in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 4(4), 520-527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2020.4.17
Macdiarmid, J. I., Douglas, F., & Campbell, J. (2016). Eating like there's no tomorrow: Public awareness of the environmental impact of food and reluctance to eat less meat as part of a sustainable diet. Appetite, 96, 487-493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.011
Macdiarmid, J. I., Kyle, J., Horgan, G. W., Loe, J., Fyfe, C., Johnstone, A., & McNeill, G. (2012). Sustainable diets for the future: can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet? The American journal of clinical nutrition, 96(3), 632-639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.055673
Mason, P., & Lang, T. (2017). Sustainable diets: how ecological nutrition can transform consumption and the food system. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328278307_Sustainable_diets_How_ecological_nutrition_can_transform_consumption_and_the_food_system_A_Review#fullTextFileContent
Masset, G., Soler, L.-G., Vieux, F., & Darmon, N. (2014). Identifying sustainable foods: the relationship between environmental impact, nutritional quality, and prices of foods representative of the French diet. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(6), 862-869. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.02.002
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Alexandratos, N., & Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://www.fao.org/3/ap106e/ap106e.pdf
Alsaffar, A. A. (2016). Sustainable diets: The interaction between food industry, nutrition, health and the environment. Food science and technology international, 22(2), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013215572029
Ayşe, A., & Ali, B. (2020). Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Antropometrik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Verilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 5(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1208767
Bailey, R. L., West Jr, K. P., & Black, R. E. (2015). The epidemiology of global micronutrient deficiencies. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 66(Suppl. 2), 22-33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000371618
Blondin, S. A., Mueller, M. P., Bakun, P. J., Choumenkovitch, S. F., Tucker, K. L., & Economos, C. D. (2016). Cross-sectional associations between empirically-derived dietary patterns and indicators of disease risk among university students. Nutrients, 8(1), 3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010003
Bonaccio, M., Di Castelnuovo, A., Costanzo, S., De Lucia, F., Olivieri, M., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., Iacoviello, L., Bonanni, A., & Investigators, M.-s. P. (2013). Nutrition knowledge is associated with higher adherence to Mediterranean diet and lower prevalence of obesity. Results from the Moli-sani study. Appetite, 68, 139-146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.026
Çabuk, B. K., Cem. (2003). Environment of University Students Examining the Sensitivity. Journal of Faculty Educational Sciences, 36(1), 189-198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000000079
Dornhoff, M., Hörnschemeyer, A., & Fiebelkorn, F. (2020). Students’ Conceptions of Sustainable Nutrition. Sustainability, 12(13), 5242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135242
Dwyer, J. T., & Drewnowski, A. (2017). Overview: Food and Nutrition Security (Sustainable Nutrition in a Changing World (pp. 3-24). Springer. https://doi.org/https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319559407
Esteve-Llorens, X., Darriba, C., Moreira, M. T., Feijoo, G., & González-García, S. (2019). Towards an environmentally sustainable and healthy Atlantic dietary pattern: Life cycle carbon footprint and nutritional quality. Science of the Total Environment, 646, 704-715. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.264
FAO. (2010). The second report on the state of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/3/i1500e/i1500e00.pdf
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D. K., & West, P. C. (2011). Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478(7369), 337-342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10452
García-González, Á., Achón, M., Carretero Krug, A., Varela-Moreiras, G., & Alonso-Aperte, E. (2020). Food Sustainability Knowledge and Attitudes in the Spanish Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients, 12(10), 3154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103154
Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A., & Tempio, G. (2013). Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). https://doi.org/http://www.fao.org/3/i3437e/i3437e.pdf
Gilg, A., Barr, S., & Ford, N. (2005). Green consumption or sustainable lifestyles? Identifying the sustainable consumer. Futures, 37(6), 481-504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2004.10.016
Guillaumie, L., Boiral, O., Baghdadli, A., & Mercille, G. (2020). Integrating sustainable nutrition into health-related institutions: a systematic review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00394-3
Gussow, J. D., & Clancy, K. L. (1986). Dietary guidelines for sustainability. Journal of nutrition education (USA), 18(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3182(86)80255-2
Hoek, A., Pearson, D., James, S., Lawrence, M., & Friel, S. (2017). Shrinking the food-print: A qualitative study into consumer perceptions, experiences and attitudes towards healthy and environmentally friendly food behaviours. Appetite, 108, 117-131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.030
Hülsbergen, K.-J., & Küstermann, B. (2008). Optimierung der Kohlenstoffkreisläufe in Öko-Betrieben. Ökologie und Landbau, 145(1), 20-22. https://doi.org/https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb09/institute/VKE/nutr-ecol/veroeff/voeff-eoe/poster-oekoLM
Hyland, J. J., Henchion, M., McCarthy, M., & McCarthy, S. N. (2017). The role of meat in strategies to achieve a sustainable diet lower in greenhouse gas emissions: A review. Meat science, 132, 189-195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.04.014
Jägerskog, A., & Jønch Clausen, T. (2012). Feeding a thirsty world: challenges and opportunities for a water and food secure future. Stockholm International Water Institute. https://doi.org/https://www.siwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Feeding_a_thirsty_world_2012worldwaterweek_report_31.pdf
Johnston, J. L., Fanzo, J. C., & Cogill, B. (2014). Understanding sustainable diets: a descriptive analysis of the determinants and processes that influence diets and their impact on health, food security, and environmental sustainability. Advances in nutrition, 5(4), 418-429. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.005553
Kıyan, E. K., & İkizoğlu, B. (2020). Types of waste in the context of waste management and general overview of waste disposal in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 4(4), 520-527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2020.4.17
Macdiarmid, J. I., Douglas, F., & Campbell, J. (2016). Eating like there's no tomorrow: Public awareness of the environmental impact of food and reluctance to eat less meat as part of a sustainable diet. Appetite, 96, 487-493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.011
Macdiarmid, J. I., Kyle, J., Horgan, G. W., Loe, J., Fyfe, C., Johnstone, A., & McNeill, G. (2012). Sustainable diets for the future: can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet? The American journal of clinical nutrition, 96(3), 632-639. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.055673
Mason, P., & Lang, T. (2017). Sustainable diets: how ecological nutrition can transform consumption and the food system. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328278307_Sustainable_diets_How_ecological_nutrition_can_transform_consumption_and_the_food_system_A_Review#fullTextFileContent
Masset, G., Soler, L.-G., Vieux, F., & Darmon, N. (2014). Identifying sustainable foods: the relationship between environmental impact, nutritional quality, and prices of foods representative of the French diet. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(6), 862-869. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.02.002
Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P., Pirani, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Péan, C., & Pidcock, R. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5 OC: An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5° C Above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty. World Meteorological Organization Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf
McGuire, S. (2013). WHO, World Food Programme, and International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2012. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition. Rome, FAO. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003343
Nations, U. (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. United Nations, New York, USA. https://doi.org/https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-2015-revision.html
Renzella, J., Townsend, N., Jewell, J., Breda, J., Roberts, N., Rayner, M., & Wickramasinghe, K. (2018). What national and subnational interventions and policies based on Mediterranean and Nordic diets are recommended or implemented in the WHO European Region, and is there evidence of effectiveness in reducing noncommunicable diseases? https://doi.org/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519076/
Ruini, L., Ciati, R., Marchelli, L., Rapetti, V., Pratesi, C. A., Redavid, E., & Vannuzzi, E. (2016). Using an infographic tool to promote healthier and more sustainable food consumption: the double pyramid model by barilla center for food and nutrition. Agriculture and agricultural science procedia, 8, 482-488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.049
Serafini, M., & Toti, E. (2016). Unsustainability of Obesity: Metabolic Food Waste [Original Research]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 3(40), 1-5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2016.00040
Shivakumara, K., Sangeetha Mane, R., Diksha, J., & Nagara, O. (2015). Effect of gender on environmental awareness of post-graduate students. British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 8(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/206010522.pdf
Solomons, N. W., & Schümann, K. (2017). Iron and Zinc: Two Principal Trace Element Nutrients in the Context of Food Security Transitions (Sustainable Nutrition in a Changing World (pp. 205-222). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55942-1_13
Stok, F. M., Renner, B., Clarys, P., Lien, N., Lakerveld, J., & Deliens, T. (2018). Understanding eating behavior during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood: A literature review and perspective on future research directions. Nutrients, 10(6), 667. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060667
Stranieri, S., Ricci, E. C., & Banterle, A. (2017). Convenience food with environmentally-sustainable attributes: A consumer perspective. Appetite, 116, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.015
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