Histopathology as a Biomarker for Monitoring Aquatic Environments

Yıl 2023, , 183 - 190, 30.06.2023

Ahmet Erdem Dönmez

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1245431

Öz

Chemical monitoring of aquatic environments helps to measure the degree of contamination in waters. However, biomonitoring tools are needed in impact assessment studies to determine the effects of pollution. Evaluation of pollution effects on various organisms, including fish, can be done using biomarker responses. Different fish species have been investigated in various biochemical studies for this purpose. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) also includes histopathological evaluation in the set of biomarkers used for biological evaluation in various pollutant monitoring programs. The use of histopathological techniques allows the examination of specific target organs and cells affected by exposure to environmental chemicals. The indicators examined are frequently used in fish health studies to provide information about the chronic and nonlethal effects of pollutants on the organs of fish and to evaluate the resulting stress. Because histopathological changes in fish mainly depend on water quality. They are generally more common in the investigation of polluted water ecosystems, as they are good indicators for identifying altered or contaminated environments. Changes in fish metabolism and physiology also cause changes in organ morphology. These changes can be detected by histopathological examination. In addition, by using a scoring system, it is possible to determine the level of relationship between these changes and environmental stress factors. Lesions in the gills, liver, kidney and skin tissues are the most commonly used histopathological indicators in the evaluation of the health status of fish. For these reasons, histopathological examination is also accepted as the gold standard, especially in the identification of toxicological effects. This review aims to provide an overview of the importance of histopathology as a biomarker in monitoring aquatic environments

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biomarker, Histopathology, Water Pollution

Sucul Ortamların İzlenmesinde Biyobelirteç Olarak Histopatoloji

Öz

Sucul ortamların kimyasal açıdan izlenmesi, sulardaki kirlenme derecesinin ölçülmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte kirliliğin etkilerinin belirlenmesi için yapılan etki değerlendirme çalışmalarında biyoizleme araçlarına gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Balıklar dahil olmak üzere çeşitli organizmalar üzerindeki kirlilik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi biyobelirteç yanıtlar kullanılarak yapılabilmektedir. Farklı balık türleri bu amaçla çeşitli biyokimyasal çalışmalar kapsamında araştırılmıştır. Uluslararası Deniz Keşif Konseyi (ICES) kirleticileri izleme programlarında biyolojik değerlendirme amacıyla uyguladığı biyobelirteçler setinde histopatolojik değerlendirmeye de yer vermektedir. Histopatolojik tekniklerin kullanılması, çevresel kimyasallara maruz kalma ile etkilenen belirli hedef organların ve hücrelerin incelenmesine olanak tanımaktadır. İncelenen göstergeler kirletici maddelerin, balıkların organları üzerindeki kronik ve ölümcül olmayan etkileri hakkında bilgi sağlayabilmesi ve oluşan stresinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlarıyla balık sağlığı çalışmalarında sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Çünkü balıklardaki histopatolojik değişiklikler esas olarak su kalitesine bağlıdır. Değişmiş veya kirlenmiş ortamların tanımlanması açısından faydalı göstergeler olduklarından, genellikle kirli su ekosistemlerinin araştırılmasında kullanımları daha yaygındır. Balık metabolizması ve fizyolojisinde meydana gelen değişiklikler organ morfolojisinde de değişikliklere neden olmaktadır. Bu değişiklikler histopatolojik inceleme yoluyla da saptanabilmektedir. Ayrıca bir skorlama sisteminin kullanılmasıyla bu değişikliklerin çevresel stres faktörleriyle ilişki düzeyinin saptanması da mümkün olmaktadır. Solungaçlar, karaciğer, böbrek ve deri dokularında oluşan lezyonlar balıkların sağlık durumunun değerlendirilmesinde en sık kullanılan histopatolojik göstergelerdir. Bu nedenlerle, özellikle toksikolojik etkilerin tanımlanmasında histopatolojik inceleme altın standart olarak da kabul edilmektedir. Bu derleme, sucul ortamların izlenmesinde bir biyobelirteç olarak histopatolojinin önemine dair genel bir değerlendirme sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyobelirteç, Histopatoloji, Su Kirliliği, Biomarker, Histopathology, Water Pollution

Kaynakça

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