Kentsel Alanlarda Sigara İzmariti Yoğunluğu ve Dağılımının Değerlendirilmesi: Kampüs Alanlarında Sigara İzmariti Kirlilik İndeksi Geliştirilmesi

Yusuf Esmer; Tuğba Kaya; Ceyhun Akarsu; Nüket Sivri

doi:10.35229/jaes.1561944

EN TR

Assessment of Cigarette Butt Density and Distribution in Urban Areas: Development of a Cigarette Butt Pollution Index for Campus Areas

Abstract

Tobacco consumption poses a significant threat not only to public health but also to environmental sustainability. The global increase in cigarette consumption has contributed significantly to environmental pollution, with cigarette butts becoming one of the most common types of litter worldwide. These non-biodegradable butts lead to an accumulation of microplastics and nanoplastics that damage soils and aquatic ecosystems. While existing studies typically focus on the accumulation of cigarette butts in coastal areas, there is limited research on their density and distribution in urban environments. This problem is particularly evident on university campuses, where smoking rates among young adults are high and improper disposal of cigarette butts is a widespread problem. The aim of this study is to assess cigarette butt pollution on university campuses by developing a pollution index and proposing targeted measures to minimize the environmental impact. The results show that the density of cigarette butts increases significantly during exam periods, resulting in "heavy pollution" of the entire campus. The highest levels of the pollution index were observed in classrooms and social areas, where the impact of peers is strongest. In addition, misconceptions about the biodegradability of cigarette butts and the impact of peer behavior further exacerbate the problem of littering. To summarize, effective management of cigarette butt litter on campus requires enhanced awareness campaigns and improved litter management strategies. Education and awareness programs aimed at reducing the influence of peer pressure and stress on smoking behavior will play a crucial role in solving this problem.

Keywords

Cigarette butts , Pollution index , Peer influence , Environmental effects

Kentsel Alanlarda Sigara İzmariti Yoğunluğu ve Dağılımının Değerlendirilmesi: Kampüs Alanlarında Sigara İzmariti Kirlilik İndeksi Geliştirilmesi

Öz

Tütün kullanımı, yalnızca halk sağlığını değil, çevresel sürdürülebilirliği de tehdit eden önemli bir sorundur. Küresel sigara tüketimindeki artış, çevre kirliliğine ciddi katkıda bulunmakta ve sigara izmaritleri dünya genelinde en yaygın atık türlerinden biri haline gelmektedir. Biyolojik olarak parçalanamayan bu izmaritler, mikroplastik ve nanoplastiklerin birikimine yol açarak toprak ve su ekosistemlerine zarar vermektedir. Mevcut çalışmalarda genellikle sahil alanlarındaki izmarit miktarına odaklanılmıştır; ancak kentsel alanlardaki yoğunluk ve dağılım üzerine sınırlı sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu sorun, özellikle üniversite kampüslerinde daha belirgin hale gelmektedir. Gençlerin yoğun olduğu bu alanlarda sigara içme oranları yüksektir ve sigara izmaritlerinin çevreye atılması yaygın bir sorundur. Bu çalışma, üniversite kampüslerindeki sigara izmariti kirliliğini inceleyerek kirlilik indeksi oluşturmayı ve çevresel etkilerini azaltmak için hedeflenmiş önlemler önermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma bulguları, özellikle sınav dönemlerinde sigara izmariti yoğunluğunun arttığını ve kampüste "şiddetli kirlilik" seviyelerine ulaşıldığını göstermektedir. En yüksek kirlilik indeksi değerleri, derslikler ve sosyal alanlar gibi akran etkisinin belirgin olduğu bölgelerde gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, izmaritlerin biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir olduğu yönündeki yanlış algı ve akran etkisi, bu kirlilik sorununu daha da derinleştirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, sigara izmariti kirliliğinin yönetimi için kampüslerde farkındalık artırıcı önlemler alınmalı, atık yönetimi stratejileri güçlendirilmelidir. Akran etkisi ve stresin sigara kullanımındaki rolünü azaltmaya yönelik eğitim ve bilinçlendirme kampanyaları da bu sorunun çözümünde önemli bir rol oynayacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sigara izmaritleri , Kirlilik indeksi , Akran etkisi , Çevresel etkiler

Kaynakça

Asensio-Montesinos, F., Oliva Ramírez, M., AguilarTorrelo, M.T. & Anfuso, G. (2021). Abundance and Distribution of Cigarette Butts on Coastal Environments: Examples from Southern Spain. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9, 129. DOI: 10.3390/jmse9020129
Bonanomi, G., Maisto, G., De Marco, A., Cesarano, G., Zotti, M. & Mazzei, P. (2020). The fate of cigarette butts in different environments: Decay rate, chemical changes and ecotoxicity revealed by a 5-years decomposition experiment. Environmental Pollution, 261, 114108. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114108
Burki, T. (2024). Tobacco and e-cigarette use in young people: an ongoing challenge. The Lancet Oncology, 25(7), 835. DOI: 10.1016/S1470- 2045(24)00323-1
Caputo, E.L. & Reichert, F.F. (2020). Studies of Physical Activity and COVID-19 During the Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 17, 1275-1284.
Conradi, M. & Sanchez-Moyano, J.E. (2022). Toward a sustainable circular economy for cigarette butts, the most common waste worldwide on the coast. Science of The Total Environment, 847, 157634. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157634
Çilekar, Ş., Dumanlı, A., Öz, G. & Günay, E. (2019). Hastanemizde Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Tütün Kullanma Durumları. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. DOI: 10.16919/bozoktip.477443
Daniel, K.E. (2016). The effect of peer presence on adolescent risk-taking behaviors.
Díaz-Mendoza, C., Arias Ordiales, P., Bustos, M.L., Cervantes, O., Palacios-Moreno, M., Vera SanMartin, T., Kloc Lopes, G., Vallejo, M., Mouthon-Bello, J. & Gutiérrez, L. (2023). Abundance and distribution of cigarette butts on the sand of five touristic beaches in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Marine pollution bulletin, 194(Pt A), 115306. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115306
Dobaradaran, S., Nabipour, I., Saeedi, R., Ostovar, A., Khorsand, M., Khajeahmadi, N., Hayati, R. & Keshtkar, M. (2017). Association of metals (Cd, Fe, As, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn) with cigarette butts in northern part of the Persian Gulf. Tobacco Control, 26(4), 461-463. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052931
Dobaradaran, S., Schmidt, T.C., Nabipour, I., Ostovar, A., Raeisi, A., Saeedi, R., Khorsand, M., Khajeahmadi, N. & Keshtkar, M. (2018). Cigarette butts abundance and association of mercury and lead along the Persian Gulf beach: an initial investigation. Environmental science and pollution research international, 25(6), 5465- 5473. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0676-9

Dobaradaran, S., Schmidt, T.C., Lorenzo-Parodi, N., Kaziur-Cegla, W., Jochmann, M.A., Nabipour, I., Lutze, H.V. & Telgheder, U. (2020). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leachates from cigarette butts into water. Environmental pollution, 259, 113916. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113916
Dobaradaran, S., Soleimani, F., Akhbarizadeh, R., Schmidt, T.C., Marzban, M. & BasirianJahromi, R. (2021). Environmental fate of cigarette butts and their toxicity in aquatic organisms: A comprehensive systematic review. Environmental Research, 195, 110881. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110881
Erdal, G., Erdal, H., Esengun, K. & Karakas, G. (2015). Cigarette consumption habits and related factors among college students in Turkey: a logit model analysis. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 65(2), 136-141.
European Union. (2019). Plastic Environmental Impact Reduction Directive (2019/904).
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M.S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A. & Catalano, A. (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(11), 3782. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113782
Ghebreyesus, T.A. (2019). Progress in beating the tobacco epidemic. The Lancet, 394, 10198, 548-549. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31730-1
Green, A.L.R., Putschew, A. & Nehls, T. (2014). Littered cigarette butts as a source of nicotine in urban waters. Journal of Hydrology, 519, 3466-3474.
Grilo, G., Pinho, M., Ribeiro, V.V. & Szklo, A. (2024). Cigarette Butts: Toxic Threat and Tobacco Control Opportunity. Global Health Now.
Güdük, Ö., Namoglu, S.S., Yemenici, M., Ertürk, N., Arğa, K.Y., Merih, Y.D. & Satman, İ. (2021). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Tütün Kullanım Alışkanlıklarının Belirleyici ve Algılar: İstanbul İlinde Sağlık Hizmetleri Yüksekokulu Öğrencileri Örneği. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(2), 264-273. DOI: 10.17049/ataunihem.870195
Gündüz Telli, C., Aytemur Solak, Z., Özol, D. & Sayıner, A. (2004). Smoking habits among newly registered university students. Solunum, 6(3), 101-106.
Gürsoy Haksevenler, B.H., Kavak, F.F. & Akpınar, A. (2020). Sıfır Atık Yönetimi, Marmara Üniversitesi Anadoluhisarı Kampüsü Örneği. Kent Akademisi, 13(4), 722-735. DOI: 10.35674/kent.798900
Gürsoy Haksevenler, B.H., Kavak, F.F. & Akpınar, A. (2022). Separate waste collection in higher education institutions with its technical and social aspects: A case study for a university campus. Journal of Cleaner Production, 367, 133022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133022
Hecht, S.S., & Hatsukami, D.K. (2022). Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention. Nature reviews. Cancer, 22(3), 143-155. DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00423-4
Lee, K., Carrillo Botero, N. & Novotny, T. (2016). Manage and mitigate punitive regulatory measures, enhance the corporate image, influence public policy: Industry efforts to shape understanding of tobacco-attributable deforestation. Globalization and Health, 12, 55.
Lima, C., Amaral Dos Santos Pinto, M., Brasil Choueri, R., Buruaem Moreira, L. & Braga Castro, I. (2021). Occurrence, characterization, partition, and toxicity of cigarette butts in a highly urbanized coastal area. Waste Management, 131, 10-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.029
Maçin, K.E., Özçelik, K., Güven, H. & Arıkan, O.A. (2024). Waste characterization and recycling potential in a university campus: ITU Ayazağa Campus zero waste management practices. Journal of Materials Cycles and Waste Management, 26, 1193-1209. DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-01894-x
Mansouri, A., Kavi, E., Ahmadpoori, S.F., Amin, E. & Bazrafshan, M. (2019). Cigarette Smoking and Coping Strategies with Stress in Young Adults of Larestan. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 11(1), e83121. DOI: 10.5812/jjhs.83121
Marah, M. & Novotny, T.E. (2011). Geographic patterns of cigarette butt waste in the urban environment. Tobacco Control, 20, 42-44.
Mbama, C.A., Otegbulu, A., Beverland, I. & Beattie, T.K. (2022). Solid waste recycling within higher education in developing countries: A case study of the University of Lagos. Journal of Materials Cycles and Waste Management. DOI: 10.1007/s10163-022-01569-5
Moriwaki, H., Kitajima, S. & Katahira, K. (2009). Waste on the roadside, ‘poi sute’ waste: its distribution and elution potential of pollutants into the environment. Waste Management, 29(3), 1192-1197. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.017
Novotny, T.E., Lum, K., Smith, E., Wang, V. & Barnes, R. (2009). Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(5), 1691-1705.
Oğuz, S., Çamcı, G. & Kazan, M. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sigara kullanım sıklığı ve sigaranın neden olduğu hastalıkları bilme durumu. Van Tıp Dergisi, 25(3), 332-337. DOI: 10.5505/vtd.2018.02411
Oigman-Pszczol, S.S. & Creed, J.C. (2007). Quantification and Classification of Marine Litter on Beaches along Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, 23(2), 421-428. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4494211
Özer, M. (2003). Sigara Alışkanlığı. Aile ve Toplum, 2(6), 1-4. DOI: 10.21560/spcd.78275-198169
Qamar, W., Abdelgalil, A.A., Aljarboa, S., Alhuzani, M. & Altamimi, M.A. (2020). Cigarette waste: Assessment of hazard to the environment and health in Riyadh city. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(5), 1380-1383. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.002
Patel, V., Thomson, G.W. & Wilson, N. (2013). Cigarette butt littering in city streets: a new methodology for studying and results. Tobacco Control, 22(1), 59-62. DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011- 050172
Poppendieck, D., Gong, M. & Pham, V. (2020). Influence of temperature, relative humidity,and water saturation on airborne emissions from cigarette butts. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 136422. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136422
Rahman, M.T., Mohajerani, A., Giustozzi, F. & Giustozzi, F. (2020). Possible recycling of cigarette butts as fiber modifier in bitumen for asphalt concrete. Materials, 13(3). DOI: 10.3390/ma13030734
Rath, J.M., Rubenstein, R.A., Curry, L.E., Shank, S.E. & Cartwright, J.C. (2012). Cigarette Litter: Smokers’ Attitudes and Behaviors. International journal of environmental Research and Public Health, 9, 2189-2203.
Ribeiro, V.V., Lopes, T.C., Amaral Dos Santos Pinto, M., Povoa, A.A., Correa, V.R. & De-la-Torre, G.E. (2022). Cigarette butts in two urban areas from Brazil: Links among environmental impacts, demography and market. Environmental Research, 213, 113730. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113730
Sawdey, M., Lindsay, R.P. & Novotny, T.E. (2011). Smoke-free college campuses: no ifs, ands or toxic butts. Tobacco Control, 20, 21-24.
Shen, M., Li, Y., Song, B., Zhou, C., Gong, J. & Zeng, G. (2021). Smoked cigarette butts: Unignorable source for environmental microplastic fibers. Science of the Total Environment, 791, 148384. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148384
Sivri, N., Aydoğdu, A., Sönmez, V.Z. & Akarsu, C. (2024). Kampüs Ortamındaki Plastik Atık Çeşitliliğinde Gözlemsel Öğrenmenin ve Akran Etkisinin ArcGIS ile Görselleştirmesi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 10(2), 437-449. DOI: 10.21324/dacd.1471703
Smith, E.A. & Novotny, T.E. (2011). Whose butt is it? Tobacco industry research about smokers and cigarette butt waste. Tobacco Control, 20(Suppl 1), i2-i9.
Soleimani, F., Dobaradaran, S., De-la-Torre, G.E., Schmidt, T.C. & Saeedi, R. (2022). Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. The Science of the total environment, 813, 152667. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667
Stigler Granados, P., Fulton, L., Nunez Patlan, E., Terzyk, M. & Novotny, T.E. (2019). Global Health Perspectives on Cigarette Butts and the Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1858. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101858
Torkashvand, J., Farzadkia, M., Sobhi, H. R. & Esrafili, A. (2020). Littered cigarette butt as a well-known hazardous waste: A comprehensive systematic review. Journal of hazardous materials, 383, 121242. DOİ: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121242
Torkashvand, J., Godini, K., Jafari, A. J., Esrafili, A. & Farzadkia, M. (2021). Assessment of littered cigarette butt in urban environment, using of new cigarette butt pollution index (CBPI). Science of the Total Environment, 769, 144864. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144864
Tzu-Hsuan Chen, D. (2020). The psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in smoking behavior: Evidence from a nationwide survey in the UK. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, 6, 59.
Valiente, R., Escobar, F., Pearce, J., Bilal, U., Franco, M. & Sureda, X. (2020). Estimating and mapping cigarette butt littering in urban environments: A GIS approach. Environmental research, 183, 109142. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109142
Webler, T. & Jakubowski, K. (2022). Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors about Cigarette-Butt Littering among College-Aged Adults in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8085. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138085
Wickert, K.C. (2002). Friends, cliques, and peer pressure: Be true to yourself. Berkeley Heights: Enslow Publishers. World Health Organization. (2024). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/tobacco (23 Nisan 2024)
Yang, S., Gu, C., Jiao, Y. & Yang, Q. (2023a). Research on the presence of cigarette butts and their leaching of chemical pollutants and microparticles: the case of Dalian, China. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1277402. Doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1277402
Yang, S., Gu, C. & Yang., Q. (2023b). The unignorable ecological impact of cigarette butts in the ocean: an underestimated and under-researched concern. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1266536 Yang, Q., Zhong, W., Jiao, Y., Zhang, Y., Cheng, L., Ruan, Y. & Yang, S. (2024). Littered cigarette butts in both coastal and inland cities of China: occurrence and environmental risk assessment. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1388631. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1388631
Yousefi Nasab, A., Oskoei, V., Rezanasab, M., Alinejad, N., Hosseinzadeh, A. & Kashi, G. (2022). Cigarette butt littering consequences: a study of pollution rate on beaches and urban environments. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29(30), 45396-45403. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19155-5
Zafeiridou, M., Hopkinson, N. & Voulvoulis, N. (2018). Cigarette smoking: An assessment of tobacco’s global environmental footprint across its entire supply chain, and policy strategies to reduce it. Environmental Science and Technology, 52, 8087-8094.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Çevresel Değerlendirme ve İzleme , Çevre Yönetimi (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Yusuf Esmer
0009-0008-4255-4577
Türkiye

Tuğba Kaya
0009-0000-0731-7893
Türkiye

Ceyhun Akarsu ^*
0000-0002-0168-9941
Türkiye

Nüket Sivri
0000-0002-4269-5950
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

17 Aralık 2024

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Aralık 2024

Gönderilme Tarihi

5 Ekim 2024

Kabul Tarihi

25 Kasım 2024

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1561944

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA25HY28MK

APA

Esmer, Y., Kaya, T., Akarsu, C., & Sivri, N. (2024). Kentsel Alanlarda Sigara İzmariti Yoğunluğu ve Dağılımının Değerlendirilmesi: Kampüs Alanlarında Sigara İzmariti Kirlilik İndeksi Geliştirilmesi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 9(4), 607-615. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1561944

JAES, 2016- 11.yıl

Assessment of Cigarette Butt Density and Distribution in Urban Areas: Development of a Cigarette Butt Pollution Index for Campus Areas

Abstract

Keywords

Kentsel Alanlarda Sigara İzmariti Yoğunluğu ve Dağılımının Değerlendirilmesi: Kampüs Alanlarında Sigara İzmariti Kirlilik İndeksi Geliştirilmesi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster