Determination of Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Hazelnut Oils After Storage

Elif Apaydın; Bengü Temizel

doi:10.35229/jaes.1637438

EN TR

Determination of Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Hazelnut Oils After Storage

Abstract

The oil of hazelnuts collected in 2022 (S1) and 2023 (S2) from a garden in the Piraziz district of Giresun Province was extracted and analyzed to measure the levels of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The highest total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ16PAHs) was 8.483 ± 0.032 ng/kg in sample S1 and 6.075 ± 0.024 ng/kg in sample S2. The value of naphthalene, the most abundant PAH analyte, is higher than that of the other analytes. The total amount of PAHs indicates that 92.35% of sample S1 and 87.82% of sample S2 are naphthalene. Notably, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a known carcinogen, was not detected in either sample. The analysis of variance technique was employed to investigate the differences between the mean values of the oils. The results demonstrated that there were significant differences between the mean values.

Keywords

GC‒MS , Hazelnut oils , Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , SPE sample preparation.

Depolama Sonrası Fındık Yağlarındaki Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAHs) Düzeylerindeki Değişimlerin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Giresun İli Piraziz İlçesindeki bir bahçeden 2022 (S1) ve 2023 (S2) yıllarında toplanan fındıkların yağı çıkarılmış ve 16 polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) düzeylerini ölçmek için analiz edilmiştir. Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların (Σ16PAH) en yüksek toplam konsantrasyonu S1 örneğinde 8,483 ± 0,032 ng/kg ve S2 örneğinde 6,075 ± 0,024 ng/kg olarak bulunmuştur. En bol bulunan PAH analiti olan naftalinin değeri diğer analitlerden daha yüksektir. Toplam PAH miktarı, S1 örneğinin %92,35'inin ve S2 örneğinin %87,82'sinin naftalin olduğunu göstermektedir. Bilinen bir kanserojen olan benzo[a]piren (BaP) her iki örnekte de tespit edilmemiştir. Yağların ortalama değerleri arasındaki farkları araştırmak için varyans analizi tekniği kullanıldı. Sonuçlar ortalama değerler arasında önemli farklar olduğunu gösterdi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

GC‒MS , Fındık yağları , Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH , SPE numune hazırlama.

Kaynakça

Akinpelu, A.A., Ali, M.E., Johan, M.R., Saidur, R., Qurban, M.A., & Saleh., T.A. (2019). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extraction and removal from wastewater by carbon nanotubes: A review of the current technologies. challenges and prospects. Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 122, 68- 82. DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2018.11.006
Alasalvar, C., Shahidi, F., Liyanapathirana, C.M., & Ohshima, T. (2003). Turkish tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) 1. Compositional characteristics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 3790-3796. DOI: /10.1021/jf0212385
Alasalvar, C., Amaral, J.S., & Shahidi, F. (2006). Functional lipid characteristics of Turkish tombul hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(26), 10177- 10183. DOI: 10.1021/jf061702w
Alasalvar, C., & Shahidi, F. (2009). Natural antioxidants in tree nuts. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111(11), 1056-1062. DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900098
Amaral, J.S., Casal, S., Seabra, R.M., & Oliveira, B.P.P. (2006). Effects of roasting on hazelnut lipids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(4), 1315-1321. DOI: 10.1021/jf052287v
Amaral, J.S., Casal, S., Alves, M., Seabra, R., & Oliveira, B. (2006a). Tocopherol and tocotrienol content of hazelnut cultivars grown in Portugal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 1329-1336. DOI: 10.1021/jf052329f
Balcıoğlu, E.B., & Ceylan, Z. (2019). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Meat Tissue of Shrimp, Anchovy and Whiting for Sale in Various Regions in Istanbul Province. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 282-290. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.464001
Bansal, V., & Kim, K.H. (2015). Review of PAH contamination in food products and their health hazards. Environ. Int., 84, 26-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.016
Bianco, F., Race, M., Papirio, S., & Esposito, G. (2023). A critical review of the remediation of PAH- polluted marine sediments: current knowledge and future perspectives. Resources. Environment and Sustainability, 11, 100101. DOI: 10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100101
Bozlaker, A., Muezzinoglu, A., & Odabasi, M. (2008). Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153, 1093-1102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.064

Camargo, M.C.R., Antoniolli, P.R., & Vicente, E. (2012). Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in different stages of soybean oils processing. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 937-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.031
Chen, Y.J., Feng, Y.L., Xiong, S.C., Liu, D.Y., Wang, G., Sheng, G.Y., & Fu, J.M. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Shanghai, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 235-247. DOI: 10.1007/s10661- 010-1330-x
Cialiè, Rosso, M., Stilo, F., Bicchi, C., Charron, M., Rosso, G., Menta, R., & Cordero, C. (2021).Combined untargeted and targeted fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to track compositional changes on hazelnut primary metabolome during roasting. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 525. DOI: 10.3390/app11020525
Crews, F.T., Buckley, T., Dodd, P.R., Ende, G., Foley, N., Harper, C., & Sullivan, E.V. (2005). Alcoholic neurobiology: changes in dependence and recovery. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(8), 1504-1513. DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000175013.50644.61
Çetin, N., Yaman, M., Karaman, K., & Demir, B. (2020). Determination of some physicomechanical and biochemical parameters of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44(5), 439-450. DOI: 10.3906/tar-1905-115
Ergönül, P.G., & Sánchez, S. (2013). Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in different types of olive and olive pomace oils produced in Turkey and Spain. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 115(9), 1078- 1084. DOI: 10. 1002/ejlt.201200398
European Food Safety Authority. (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. The EFSA Journal, 6(8), 1-114. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.724
FAO. (2017). Food and Agriculture Organization. (www.fao.org).
Galeotti, F., Crimaldi, L., Maccari, F., Zaccaria, V., Fachini, A., & Volpi, N. (2017). Selective treatment to reduce contamination of propolis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) still preserving its active polyphenol component and antioxidant activity. Natural product research, 31(17), 1971-1980. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1269093
Ghirardello, D., Zeppa, G., Rolle, L., Gerbi, V., Contessa, C., Valentini, N., Botta, R., & Griseri, G. (2014). Effect of different storage conditions on hazelnut quality. Acta Horticulturae, 1052(1), 315-318.
Guillén, M.D., & Uriarte, P.S. (2009). Contribution to further understanding of the evolution of sunflower oil submitted to frying temperature in a domestic fryer: Study by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(17), 7790 – 7799. DOI: 10.1021/jf900510k
Gülten, Ş., Göğüş, F., & Fadıloğlu, S. (2007). Determination of benzo (a) pyrene in vegetable oils by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Food Qual., 30, 300-308. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745- 4557.2007.00122.x
Ji, J., Liu, Y., & Ma, Y. (2022). Variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils during seed roasting pretreatment. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 42(5), 2447-2460. DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1834414
Ji, J., Jiang, M., Zhang, Y., Hou, J., & Sun, S. (2023). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in edible oils: A review. Food Reviews International, 39(9), 6977-7003. DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2131816
Jing, Q., Chen, L., Zhao, Q., Zhou, P., Li, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, X. (2021). Effervescence-assisted dual microextraction of PAHs in edible oils using lighter-than-water phosphonium-based ionic liquids and switchable hydrophilic/hydrophobic fatty acids. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 413, 1983-1997. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03167-0
Jobson, A., Cook, F.D., & Westlake, D.W.S. (1972). Microbial utilization of crude oil. Appl. Microbiol., 23, 1082-1089.
Kesen, S., Sönmezdağ, A.S., Kelebek, H., & Selli, S. (2016). Fatty acids composition of crude and refined hazelnut oils. Çukurova J. Agric. Food Sci., 31(1), 79-84.
Kim, D.Y., Kim.B., & Shin, H.S. (2021). Reduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sesame oil using cellulosic aerogel. Foods, 10(3), 644. DOI: 10.3390/foods10030644
Köksal, A.I., Artik, N., Simsek, A., & Günes, N. (2006). Nutrient composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L) varieties cultivated in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 99, 509-515. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.013
Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Chan, L.Y., Zielinska, B., & Chow, J.C. (2001). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 5949-5960. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00374-0
Mağden, Y. (2023). Farklı zar atma yöntemlerinin fındıkların depolama süresince kalite parametleri üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ordu, Türkiye, 71s.
Molle, D.R.D., Abballe, C., Gomes, F.M.L., Furlani, R.P.Z., & Tfouni, S.A.V. (2017). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Canola. Sunflower and Corn Oils and Estimated Daily Intake. Food Control, 81, 96-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.045
Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., & Domingo, J.L. (2004). Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from tarragona county, Spain. Environmental Pollution, 132, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.003
Oliveira, L.S., Franca, A.S., Camargos, R.R., & Ferraz, V.P. (2008). Coffee oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 99(8), 3244-3250. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.074
Ortiz, R., Vega, S., Gutierrez, R., Gibson, R., Schettino, B., & Ramirez, M.D. (2012). Presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in top soils from rural terrains in Mexico City. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 428-432. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0434-5.
Perry, J.J. (1984). Microbial metabolism of cyclic alkanes. In: Atas. R.M. (ed.). Petroleum microbiology. Macmillan Publishing co. New York. pp: 61-98.
Purcaro, G., Moret, S., & Conte, L.S. (2013). Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta, 105, 292-305. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.041
Sakshi, Y.G., & Haritash, A.K. (2020). A comprehensive review of metabolic and genomic aspects of PAH- degradation. Archives of Microbiology, 202(8), 2033-2058. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01929-5v
Savage, G. P., McNeil, D. L., & Dutta, P. C. (1997). Lipid composition and oxidative stability of oils in hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) grown in New Zealand. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 74(6), 755-759. DOI: 10.1007/s11746- 997-0214-x
Şahin, S., & Özata, A.B. (2022). Substitution of cocoa powder with hazelnut skin powder in cocoa hazelnut spreads. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(12), e17276. DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17276
Tasdemir, Y., & Esen, F. (2007a). Urban air PAHs: concentrations, temporal changes and gas/particle partitioning at a traffic site In Turkey. Atmospheric Research, 84, 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.04.003
Teixeira, V.H., Casal, S., & Oliveira, M.B.P.P. (2007). PAHs content in sunflower. Soybean and virgin olive oils: Evaluation in commercial samples and during refining process. Food Chemistry, 104(1), 106-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.007
Tfouni, S.A.V., Padovani, G.R., Reis, M., Furlani, R.P.Z., & Camargo, M.C.R. (2014). Incidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil blends. Food Control, 46, 539-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.007
Thomas, J.M., Yordy, J.R., Amador, J.A. & Alexander, M. (1986). Rates of dissolution and biodegradation of waterinsoluble organic compouds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52, 290- 296.
Topçu, C.Ü. (2022). Organik ve konvansiyonel ayçiçek ve fındık yağlarının oksidasyon stabilitelerinin değerlendirilmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ordu, Türkiye, 55s.
Turan, A. (2018). Effect of drying methods on fatty acid profile and oil oxidation of hazelnut oil during storage. European Food Research and Technology, 244(12), 2181 – 2190. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3128-y.
Venkatachalam, M. & Sathe, S.K. (2006). Chemical composition of selected edible nut seeds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 54(13), 4705- 4714. DOI: 10.1021/jf0606959
World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity. sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Yıldız, T. (2020). Harvesting-Husking Mechanization of Hazelnut Agriculture in Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Machinery Science, 16(1), 12-22.
Zelinkova, Z. & Wenzl, T. (2015). The occurrence of 16 EPA PAHs in food-A review. Polycycl. Aromat. Compd., 35, 248-284. DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.918550.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Çevresel Değerlendirme ve İzleme , Kirlilik ve Kontaminasyon (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Elif Apaydın
0000-0001-6102-7571
Türkiye

Bengü Temizel ^*
0000-0002-5217-3013
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

15 Mayıs 2025

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Mayıs 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

11 Şubat 2025

Kabul Tarihi

25 Nisan 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1637438

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA94EN25JG

APA

Apaydın, E., & Temizel, B. (2025). Determination of Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Hazelnut Oils After Storage. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(3), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1637438

JAES, 2016- 11.yıl

Determination of Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Levels in Hazelnut Oils After Storage

Abstract

Keywords

Depolama Sonrası Fındık Yağlarındaki Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAHs) Düzeylerindeki Değişimlerin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster