The Impact of microRNA’s (miRNA) on Mammary Gland Development and Milk Production in Cattle, Goat and Sheep
Abstract
Mammary gland (MG) have important functions by producing milk for both newborns and human consumption and is a complex organ that grows and develops in the ruminants after calving. Development of MG with the synthesis and secretion of milk are both associated with the lactation process. The productivity of MG is under the influence of nutrition, genetics, race and epigenetic factors. The microRNAs (miRNAs), precede the epigenetic factors, are non-coding RNA molecules that have an average length of 22 (19-24nt) nucleotides. The miRNAs, which play a role in important biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, participate in gene expression as a post transcriptional regulators. In cattle, goat and sheep species miRNA’s, which are extensively studied from carcinogenesis to embryogenesis, were defined 1045, 436 and 153 (mature) respectively. 230 miRNAs were detected in the colostrum and 213 miRNAs in the milk within the identified miRNAs. It was also defined that miRNA types and expression levels differed in the dry period and the lactation peak period. In another study, it was seen that the miRNA’s detected in the milk were two times more than the serum and milk contained 47 different miRNAs compaired to serum; consequently its tought that MG synthesized its own miRNAs. However, the information about miRNAs on mammary gland development and the specific function of lactation regulation is limited. Molecular studies are required to illuminate the effects of miRNAs on lactogenesis mechanisms and to understand its effect on lactation milk yield. This review focuses on the current knowledge of miRNAs on the development of MB and milk production in livestock and possible future implications.
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