Investigation of Possible Toxic Effects of Personal Care Products on Daphnia magna in the Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey)

V. Zülal Sönmez; Nevra Ercan; Nüket Sivri

doi:10.35229/jaes.773169

EN

Investigation of Possible Toxic Effects of Personal Care Products on Daphnia magna in the Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey)

Abstract

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) used in personal care products (PCPs) are preferred in a wide range of fields thanks to their solubility, viscosity properties, and low toxicity levels which were detected on mammals nearly 60 years ago. This study was aimed to determine the effect of acute toxicity of personal care products and PEGs which are used particularly in personal care and pharmaceutical products on aquatic ecosystems. In this scope, this study was determined the individual acute toxicities of PEGs; the acute toxicity of baby shampoo and body lotion which are among personal care products containing PEGs; and the possible acute toxicity of these products when they reach the surface waters. Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test was used to determine the toxic effect on aquatic organisms. The acute toxicity class of PEGs was identified as non-toxic (Class 0). While the body lotion was highly toxic (Class 5) at the end of the 48-hour exposure time without being applied to any surface water, it was non-toxic (Class 0) for all stations when applied to surface water. While the baby shampoo was practically non-toxic (Class 1) at the end of the 48-hour exposure time without being applied to any surface water, it was slightly toxic (Class 2) for station 1 and station 2 when applied to surface water. When PCPs including these liquid plastics, which are found to have non-toxicity characteristics, it is obvious that different toxic effects can emerge apart from the individual toxicity on surface waters.

Keywords

personel care products , Polyethylene glycol , surface waters , acute toxicity , daphnia magna

Kaynakça

Referans 1 Brausch, J.M. & Rand, G.M. (2011). A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity. Chemosphere, 82(11), 1518-1532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018
Referans 2 Cheung, P.K. & Fok, L. (2016). Evidence of microbeads from personal care product contaminating the sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109(1), 582-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.046
Referans 3 CIR Expert Panel (2004). Final report of the amended safety assessment of PEG-5, -10, -16, -25, -30, and -40 soy sterol. International Journal of Toxicology, 23, 23-47.
Referans 4 Çetinkaya Karafakı, F. (2018). Impacts of drugs, cosmetics, personal care products on the environment and EU countries and Turkey's perspective. Journal of Disaster and Risk, 1(1), 63-71. (in Turkish).
Referans 5 Daughton, C.G. & Ternes, T.A. (1999). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Agents of subtle change? Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(6): 907-938. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s6907
Referans 6 Duis, K. & Coors, A. (2016). Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: Sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects. Environmental Sciences Europe, 28(2):1-25. DOI:10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y
Referans 7 EPA (1991). U.S Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Short Term Methods for Estimating The Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Fresh Organisms, Washington.
Referans 8 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) https://www.fda.gov/ (20 August 2019).
Referans 9 Fruijtier-Pölloth, C. (2005). Safety assessment on polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and their derivatives as used in cosmetic products. Toxicology, 214, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.06.001
Referans 10 GESEAMP https://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/GESAMP/GESAMP64.pdf (6 June 2019).

Referans 11 Hernandez, L.M., Yousefi, N. & Tufenkji, N. (2017). Are there nanoplastics in your personal care products? Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 4(7), 280-285. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00187
Referans 12 Imhof, H.K., Rusek, J., Thiel, M., Wolinska, J. & Laforsch, C. (2017). Do microplastic particles affect Daphnia magna at the morphological, life history and molecular level? PloS one, 12(11): e0187590. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187590
Referans 13 Jang, H.J., Shin, C.Y. & Kim, K.B. (2015). Safety evaluation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) compounds for cosmetic use. Toxicological Research, 31(2):105.
Referans 14 Kalčíková, G., Alič, B., Skalar, T., Bundschuh, M. & Gotvajn, A.Ž. (2017). Wastewater treatment plant effluents as source of cosmetic polyethylene microbeads to freshwater. Chemosphere, 188, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.131
Referans 15 Kim, J.W., Ishibashi, H., Yamauchi, R., Ichikawa, N., Takao, Y., Hirano, M., Koga, M. & Arizono, K. (2009). Acute toxicity of pharmaceutical and personal care products on freshwater crustacean (Thamnocephalus platyurus) and fish (Oryzias latipes). The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 34(2): 227-232. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.34.227
Referans 16 Lanigan, R.S. & Yamarik, T.A. (2001). Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel, Final report on the safety assessment of PEG-6, -8, and -20 sorbitan beeswax. International Journal of Toxicology, 20, 27-38.
Referans 17 Lei, K., Qiao, F., Liu, Q., Wei, Z., Qi, H., Cui, S., Yue, X., Deng, Y. & An, L. (2017). Microplastics releasing from personal care and cosmetic products in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1-2), 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.016
Referans 18 Lessard, R.R. & DeMarco, G. (2000). The significance of oil spill dispersants. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, 6(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-2561(99)00061-4
Referans 19 Liu, J.L. & Wong, M.H. (2013). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): A review on environmental contamination in China. Environment International, 59, 208-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.012
Referans 20 Martins, J., Teles, L.O. & Vasconcelos, V. (2007). Assays with Daphnia magna and Danio rerio as alert systems in aquatic toxicology. Environment International, 33(3), 414-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.12.006
Referans 21 OECD (2004). OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Guideline 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test, Adopted 14 April 2004. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, France.
Referans 22 Pablos, M.V., García-Hortigüela, P. & Fernández, C. (2015). Acute and chronic toxicity of emerging contaminants, alone or in combination, in Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(7), 5417-5424.
Referans 23 Sivri, N., Seker, D.Z., Balkis, N. & Zan, A. (2012). Analysis of chlorophyll-a distribution on the south-western coast of Istanbul during 2008-2010 using GIS. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin (FEB), 21(11), 3233-3242. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187590
Referans 24 Smyth, H.F., Carpenter, C.P. & Weil, C.S. (1950). The toxicology of the polyethylene glycols. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific ed.), 39(6), 349-354.
Referans 25 Sönmez, V.Z., Sivri, N. & Dökmeci, A.H. (2016). Determination of The Toxicity of Different Discharge Waters using Acute Toxicity Tests Approved for National Pollutant Discharge Permit in Turkey. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 13(2), 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2076
Referans 26 Ustabasi, G.S. & Baysal, A. (2019). Occurrence and risk assessment of microplastics from various toothpaste. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7), 438.
Referans 27 Wardrop, P., Shimeta, J., Nugegoda, D., Morrison, P.D., Miranda, A., Tang, M. & Clarke, B.O. (2016). Chemical pollutants sorbed to ingested microbeads from personal care products accumulate in fish. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(7), 4037-4044. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06280
Referans 28 Wells, P.G. (1984). The toxicity of oil spill dispersants to marine organisms: A current perspective. In: Allen TE (Ed.), Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience, and Recommendations, STP 840 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA).
Referans 29 WPCIMSA (2009). No:27372- Water Pollution Control Instruction Methods of Sampling and Analysis, Government Gazette of Republic of Turkey.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

-

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

V. Zülal Sönmez ^*
0000-0002-7488-2996
Türkiye

Nevra Ercan
0000-0001-9927-0315
Türkiye

Nüket Sivri
0000-0002-4269-5950
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Aralık 2020

Gönderilme Tarihi

24 Temmuz 2020

Kabul Tarihi

11 Kasım 2020

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.773169

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA29FY46NP

APA

Sönmez, V. Z., Ercan, N., & Sivri, N. (2020). Investigation of Possible Toxic Effects of Personal Care Products on Daphnia magna in the Kucukcekmece Lagoon, Marmara Sea (Turkey). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 5(4), 533-540. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.773169