Emissions from Drying in the Wood Based Board Industry
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5, 833 - 840, 31.12.2020
Uğur Bilgin
,
Gürsel Çolakoğlu
,
Semra Çolak
Öz
Abstract: The reason why wood-based boards are preferred in many areas of use, especially in furniture, is that they can be produced in desired properties and are cheap. In addition, wood defects such as different work in three dimensions, differences in resistance values, internal stresses and physical changes seen in solid wood are not encountered in wood-based boards. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from wood-based panels occur from the raw materials of the boards and during production stages such as gluing, storage, pressing and drying. Most of the VOCs from wood raw materials are formed during the drying process. VOCs contribute to the formation of nitrogen oxides and photo-oxidants in the presence of sunlight. Photo-oxidants are harmful to humans as they irritate the respiratory and sensitive parts of the lungs. It also disrupts photosynthesis and damages forests and crops. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the emissions that occur during the drying process in wood-based boards and the processes applied to reduce the emission.
Kaynakça
- Adamová, T., Hradecký, J. and Pánek, M. (2020). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wood and wood-based panels: Methods for Evaluation, Potential Health Risks, and Mitigation. Polymers, 12(10), 2289.
- Akbulut, T., G öker, Y. And Ayrılmış, N. (2002). OSB Levhalarının kontrplak yerine kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 52(1), 65-79.
- ALTINOK, M., KÜRELİ, İ. And SERBES, T. (2009). Vakumlu ve klasik kurutma yöntemlerinin ahşap malzemenin bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi, 12(4), 271-278.
- Aydin, I. and Colakoglu, G. (2005). Formaldehyde emission, surface roughness, and some properties of plywood as function of veneer drying temperature. Drying technology, 23(5), 1107-1117.
- Banerjee, S., Hutten, M., Su, W., Otwell, L. and Newton, L. (1995). Release of water and volatile organics from wood drying. Environmental Science & Technology, 29(4), 1135-1136.
- Bilgin, U. (2019). Kabuk ve zuruf Ekstraktlarının kontrplak üretiminde Değerlendirilmesi, Master's thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey.
- Böhm, M., Salem, M. Z. and Srba, J. (2012). Formaldehyde emission monitoring from a variety of solid wood, plywood, blockboard and flooring products manufactured for building and furnishing materials. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 221, 68-79.
- Bulian, F. and Fragassa, C. (2016). VOC emissions from wood products and furniture: A survey about legislation, standards and measures referred to different materials. Fme Transactions, 44(4), 358-364.
- Burn, J., Henk, J. and Bloemen, T. (Eds.). (1993). Chemistry and analysis of volatile organic compounds in the environment. Blackie Academic & Professional.
- Çakmak, F. (2018). Yönlendirilmiş Yonga Levhaların (OSB) teknolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi, Master's thesis, Hacettepe University, Turkey.
- Çolak, S. (2002). Kontrplaklarda emprenye işlemlerinin formaldehit ve asit emisyonu ile teknolojik özelliklere etkileri, Doctoral dissertation, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey.
- Çolakoğlu, G. (2004). Tabakalı ağaç malzeme ders notları, K.T.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Trabzon.
- Çolakoğlu, G., Aydın, I. and Çolak, S. (2002). The effects of waiting time of alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata) veneers before drying on shear and bending strength of plywood. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 60(2), 127-129.
- Da Silva, C. F. F. P. (2017). Interactions between volatile organic compounds and natural building materials, Doctoral dissertation, University of Bath, England.
- Eroğlu, H., & Usta, M. (2000). Lif levha üretim teknolojisi, KT Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayın, (200/30).
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). Global Forest Facts and Figures, (Access website: http://www.fao.org/3/ca7415en/ca7415en.pdf).
- Granström, K. (2005). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from wood (Doctoral dissertation).
- Ishikawa, A., Ohira, T., Miyamoto, K., Inoue, A. and Ohkoshi, M. (2009). Emission of volatile organic compounds during drying of veneer: Red meranti (Shorea sect. Rubroshorea), larch (Larix sp.), and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don). Bull. Forestry Forest Prod. Res. Inst, 8(2), 115-125.
- Johansson, A. and Rasmuson, A. (1998). The release of monoterpenes during convective drying of wood chips. Drying Technology, 16(7), 1395-1428.
- Doğan, K., (2015). Yoğunluk farklılığının ve değişik melamin içerikli üreformaldehit tutkalının yönlendirilmiş yonga levhanın (OSB) bazı özelliklerine etkisi, Master Thesis, Katamonu University, Turkey.
- Murata, K., Watanabe, Y. and Nakano, T. (2013). Effect of thermal treatment of veneer on formaldehyde emission of poplar plywood. Materials, 6(2), 410-420.
- Oğuz, K. A. R. A., Şahin, Ö., Bekar, İ., and Kayacan, B. (2019). Endüstriyel ağaç ve ahşap ürünleri sektörünün uluslararası rekabat gücü analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(1), 15-32.
- Otwell, L. P., Hittmeier, M. E., Hooda, U., Yan, H., Su, W. and Banerjee, S. (2000). HAPs release from wood drying. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(11), 2280-2283.
- ÖNEM, B. (2018). MDFLAM üretiminde bazı faktörlerin düzlemden sapma değeri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi, Doctoral dissertation, Kastamonu University, Turkey.
- Özen, R. ve Kalaycıoğlu, H. (2008). Yongalevha endüstrisi ders notları, K.T.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü , Trabzon.
- Pohleven, J., Burnard, M. D. and Kutnar, A. (2019). Volatile organic compounds emitted from untreated and thermally modified wood-a review. Wood and Fiber Science, 51(3), 231-254.
- Rowell, R. M. (2005). Chapter 4: Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC press.
- Schmidt, A. (1993). U.S. Patent No. 5,263,266. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
- Stefanowski, B. K. (2018). Improving Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Through Novel Wood-based Panel Modifications, Doctoral dissertation, Bangor University, Wales.
- Sun, S., Zhao, Z. and Shen, J. (2020). Effects of the manufacturing conditions on the VOCs emissions of particleboard. BioResources, 15(1), 1074-1084.
- Şahin, F.(2018). Pirinç kavuzlarının yonga levha üretiminde değerlendirilmesi, Doctoral dissertation, Kastamoun University, Turkey.
- Velic, A., Soldán, M., Ház, A., Šurina, I. and Jablonský, M. (2019). Determination of volatile organic compounds emissions from wood processing. Wood Research, 64(3), 461-470.
- Walker, J. C. (2006). Primary wood processing: principles and practice. Springer Science & Business Media.
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- Wilson, J. B. (2010). Life-cycle inventory of particleboard in terms of resources, emissions, energy and carbon. Wood and Fiber Science, 42, 90-106.
- Wilson, J. B. and Sakimoto, E. T. (2007). Gate-to-gate life-cycle inventory of softwood plywood production. Wood and Fiber Science, 37, 58-73.
- World Health Organization. (2010). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality selected pollutants, The WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office.
- Yu, C. W. F. and Kim, J. T. (2010). Building pathology, investigation of sick buildings—VOC emissions. Indoor and Built Environment, 19(1), 30-39.
- Zengin, H. (2009). Yonga levha ve lif levha endüstrisinde odun hammaddesi sağlanması sorunları ve çözüm yolları. (Problems and Solutions on Providing Wood Raw Material in Sheet and Plate Chip Industries), Master Thesis, İstanbul University, Turkey.
Ahşap Esaslı Levha Sektöründe Kurutma Kaynaklı Emisyonlar
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5, 833 - 840, 31.12.2020
Uğur Bilgin
,
Gürsel Çolakoğlu
,
Semra Çolak
Öz
Öz: Ahşap esaslı levhaların başta mobilya olmak üzere birçok kullanım alanında tercih edilmesinin sebebi istenilen özelliklerde üretilebilmesi ve ucuz olmasıdır. Ayrıca masif odunda görülen üç boyutta farklı çalışma, direnç değerlerinde farklılıklar, iç gerilmeler ve fiziksel değişimler gibi odun kusurlarına nispeten ahşap esaslı levhalarda karşılaşılmaz. Ahşap esaslı levhalardan kaynaklanan uçucu organik bileşik (VOC) emisyonları, levhaların hammaddelerinden ve tutkallama, depolama, presleme, kurutma gibi üretim aşamalarında oluşmaktadır. Odun hammaddesinden kaynaklanan VOC ların büyük kısmı kurutma işlemi sırasında oluşur. VOC lar azot oksitlerin ve güneş ışığının varlığında foto-oksidanların oluşumuna katkıda bulunur. Foto-oksidanlar solunum yollarında ve akciğerlerin hassas kısımlarında tahrişe neden oldukları için insanlar için zararlıdır. Ayrıca fotosentezi bozar, ormanlara ve ürünlere zarar verir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ahşap esaslı levhalarda kurutma işleminde oluşan emisyonları etkileyen faktörlerin ve emisyonu düşürmek için uygulanan işlemlerin değerlendirilmesidir.
Kaynakça
- Adamová, T., Hradecký, J. and Pánek, M. (2020). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wood and wood-based panels: Methods for Evaluation, Potential Health Risks, and Mitigation. Polymers, 12(10), 2289.
- Akbulut, T., G öker, Y. And Ayrılmış, N. (2002). OSB Levhalarının kontrplak yerine kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 52(1), 65-79.
- ALTINOK, M., KÜRELİ, İ. And SERBES, T. (2009). Vakumlu ve klasik kurutma yöntemlerinin ahşap malzemenin bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi, 12(4), 271-278.
- Aydin, I. and Colakoglu, G. (2005). Formaldehyde emission, surface roughness, and some properties of plywood as function of veneer drying temperature. Drying technology, 23(5), 1107-1117.
- Banerjee, S., Hutten, M., Su, W., Otwell, L. and Newton, L. (1995). Release of water and volatile organics from wood drying. Environmental Science & Technology, 29(4), 1135-1136.
- Bilgin, U. (2019). Kabuk ve zuruf Ekstraktlarının kontrplak üretiminde Değerlendirilmesi, Master's thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey.
- Böhm, M., Salem, M. Z. and Srba, J. (2012). Formaldehyde emission monitoring from a variety of solid wood, plywood, blockboard and flooring products manufactured for building and furnishing materials. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 221, 68-79.
- Bulian, F. and Fragassa, C. (2016). VOC emissions from wood products and furniture: A survey about legislation, standards and measures referred to different materials. Fme Transactions, 44(4), 358-364.
- Burn, J., Henk, J. and Bloemen, T. (Eds.). (1993). Chemistry and analysis of volatile organic compounds in the environment. Blackie Academic & Professional.
- Çakmak, F. (2018). Yönlendirilmiş Yonga Levhaların (OSB) teknolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi, Master's thesis, Hacettepe University, Turkey.
- Çolak, S. (2002). Kontrplaklarda emprenye işlemlerinin formaldehit ve asit emisyonu ile teknolojik özelliklere etkileri, Doctoral dissertation, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey.
- Çolakoğlu, G. (2004). Tabakalı ağaç malzeme ders notları, K.T.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Trabzon.
- Çolakoğlu, G., Aydın, I. and Çolak, S. (2002). The effects of waiting time of alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata) veneers before drying on shear and bending strength of plywood. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 60(2), 127-129.
- Da Silva, C. F. F. P. (2017). Interactions between volatile organic compounds and natural building materials, Doctoral dissertation, University of Bath, England.
- Eroğlu, H., & Usta, M. (2000). Lif levha üretim teknolojisi, KT Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayın, (200/30).
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). Global Forest Facts and Figures, (Access website: http://www.fao.org/3/ca7415en/ca7415en.pdf).
- Granström, K. (2005). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from wood (Doctoral dissertation).
- Ishikawa, A., Ohira, T., Miyamoto, K., Inoue, A. and Ohkoshi, M. (2009). Emission of volatile organic compounds during drying of veneer: Red meranti (Shorea sect. Rubroshorea), larch (Larix sp.), and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don). Bull. Forestry Forest Prod. Res. Inst, 8(2), 115-125.
- Johansson, A. and Rasmuson, A. (1998). The release of monoterpenes during convective drying of wood chips. Drying Technology, 16(7), 1395-1428.
- Doğan, K., (2015). Yoğunluk farklılığının ve değişik melamin içerikli üreformaldehit tutkalının yönlendirilmiş yonga levhanın (OSB) bazı özelliklerine etkisi, Master Thesis, Katamonu University, Turkey.
- Murata, K., Watanabe, Y. and Nakano, T. (2013). Effect of thermal treatment of veneer on formaldehyde emission of poplar plywood. Materials, 6(2), 410-420.
- Oğuz, K. A. R. A., Şahin, Ö., Bekar, İ., and Kayacan, B. (2019). Endüstriyel ağaç ve ahşap ürünleri sektörünün uluslararası rekabat gücü analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(1), 15-32.
- Otwell, L. P., Hittmeier, M. E., Hooda, U., Yan, H., Su, W. and Banerjee, S. (2000). HAPs release from wood drying. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(11), 2280-2283.
- ÖNEM, B. (2018). MDFLAM üretiminde bazı faktörlerin düzlemden sapma değeri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi, Doctoral dissertation, Kastamonu University, Turkey.
- Özen, R. ve Kalaycıoğlu, H. (2008). Yongalevha endüstrisi ders notları, K.T.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü , Trabzon.
- Pohleven, J., Burnard, M. D. and Kutnar, A. (2019). Volatile organic compounds emitted from untreated and thermally modified wood-a review. Wood and Fiber Science, 51(3), 231-254.
- Rowell, R. M. (2005). Chapter 4: Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC press.
- Schmidt, A. (1993). U.S. Patent No. 5,263,266. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
- Stefanowski, B. K. (2018). Improving Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Through Novel Wood-based Panel Modifications, Doctoral dissertation, Bangor University, Wales.
- Sun, S., Zhao, Z. and Shen, J. (2020). Effects of the manufacturing conditions on the VOCs emissions of particleboard. BioResources, 15(1), 1074-1084.
- Şahin, F.(2018). Pirinç kavuzlarının yonga levha üretiminde değerlendirilmesi, Doctoral dissertation, Kastamoun University, Turkey.
- Velic, A., Soldán, M., Ház, A., Šurina, I. and Jablonský, M. (2019). Determination of volatile organic compounds emissions from wood processing. Wood Research, 64(3), 461-470.
- Walker, J. C. (2006). Primary wood processing: principles and practice. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Web-1: https://www.google.com/search?q=free+and+bound+ water+in+cell+wall&tbm= isch&ved=2ah UKEwi76OfTxq7sAhUNixoKHXssDd4Q2-cCegQIABAA&oq= free +and+bound+water+in+cell+wall&-gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQHjoGCAAQCB AeUJ9GWLZhYO1iaABwAHgAgAGMAYgBnwySAQQwLjEzmAEAoAEBqgELZ 3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=fAiEX7u6D42WavvYtPAN&bih=600& biw= 1360# imgrc=pcfp-bP0gEl-gM, Access Date: 10 September 2020.
- Web-2: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/sanayihavarehberi/icerikler//01_agac-urunler--uret-m--20200103075113.pdf. Access Date: 10 September 2020.
- Wilson, J. B. (2010). Life-cycle inventory of particleboard in terms of resources, emissions, energy and carbon. Wood and Fiber Science, 42, 90-106.
- Wilson, J. B. and Sakimoto, E. T. (2007). Gate-to-gate life-cycle inventory of softwood plywood production. Wood and Fiber Science, 37, 58-73.
- World Health Organization. (2010). WHO guidelines for indoor air quality selected pollutants, The WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office.
- Yu, C. W. F. and Kim, J. T. (2010). Building pathology, investigation of sick buildings—VOC emissions. Indoor and Built Environment, 19(1), 30-39.
- Zengin, H. (2009). Yonga levha ve lif levha endüstrisinde odun hammaddesi sağlanması sorunları ve çözüm yolları. (Problems and Solutions on Providing Wood Raw Material in Sheet and Plate Chip Industries), Master Thesis, İstanbul University, Turkey.