Sucul Hayvanlarında ve Su Ürünlerinde SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virüsünün Varlığı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 145 - 155, 30.06.2022

Nihed Ajmi Muhammed Duman

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1062753

Öz

Dünya tarihinde günümüze kadar çok sayıda pandemik hastalık ortaya çıkmış ve bu hastalıklar milyonlarca insanı etkilemiştir. Özellikle tarihe damga vuran pandemiler içerisinde ilk kayıtlarda kara ölüm (black death) olarak bilinen veba dünya nüfusunun % 17-54’ünün ölümüne yol açan bir hastalık olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan ve coronavirüs ailesine ait olan SARS CoV-2 virüsünün salgın oluşturması ve pandemik bir enfeksiyona dönüşmesi ile birlikte 342 milyondan fazla insanda pozitif vaka saptanmış ve 5,5 milyondan fazla insan ise hayatını kaybetmiştir. Ortaya çıkan bu büyük salgın halen daha etkilerini devam ettirirken başta vizon (Neovison vison) olmak üzere köpek, kedi gibi evcil hayvanlarda da pozitif vakalar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle Danimarka, Hollanda ve Finlandiya gibi ülkelerde Covid-19 pozitif çıkan hayvanlar itilaf edilmektedir. Günümüze kadar olan pandemik salgınlardan farklı olarak Covid-19 pandemisi daha geniş coğrafyalara dağılmış ve çok sayıda hayvan türünü de etkileyerek bu konuda önemli bir araştırma konusu olmuştur. SARS-CoV-2’nin ilk olarak yarasalardan insanlara geçtiğine dair raporlar bulunması ile birlikte bu viral etken zoonotik olarak kabul edilmiştir ancak yarasalar dışında diğer hayvanlardan insanlara geçişi konusunda tam olarak bir bulaşma yolu gösterilmemiştir. İnsanlar arasında başta solunum yolu ile bulaşma gösteren virüsün hem evcil hayvanlardan hem de tüketilebilir gıdalardan insanlara geçişi konusunda büyük bir risk olmadığı bildirilmektedir. Karasal hayvanlarda çok sayıda rapor olmasına rağmen sucul hayvanlarda veya akuatik çevrede SARS-CoV-2’nin varlığı ve sucul hayvanlarda COVID-19 bulaşı konusunda çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada SARS-CoV-2’nin akuatik ortamda canlılığı, sucul ekosisteme ve su hayvanlarına geçişi ve dolayısıyla su ya da su ürünleri yoluyla insanlara oluşturacağı riskler derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Balıklarda Coronavirüs, Su Ürünlerinde nCOVID-19, Akuakültürde Coronavirüs

Destekleyen Kurum

Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi

Teşekkür

Yoğun ilgisi, ilham verici rehberliği, tüm aşamalarda çalışmamla sürekli teşviki ve bu makaleyi hayata geçirmekteki teşviki için Nada AJMI'ye, derin şükran duygumu ve derin teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum.

Existence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) on Aquatic Animals and Aquatic Products

Öz

Many pandemic diseases have emerged in the history of the world and these diseases have affected millions of people. Among the marked pandemics in history, the plague, known as the black death, was recorded to cause the death of 17-54% of the world population. As the SARS CoV-2, which emerged in 2019 and belonged to the coronavirus family, caused an epidemic and turned into a pandemic infection, positive cases were detected in more than 342 million people, and more than 5.5 million people died. While this emerging epidemic is still continuing its effects, it has been determined that there are positive cases in pets such as dogs and cats, especially in mink (Neovison vison). Especially in Denmark, Netherlands and Finland, positive animals for COVID-19 were accepted. Unlike the pandemic until today, the COVID-19 has spread to broader geographies and has become an important research topic by affecting many animal species. With the reports that the SARS-CoV-2 - was first transmitted from bats to humans, this viral agent has been accepted as zoonotic, but a complete transmission route has not been shown for its transmission from other animals to humans except bats. It is reported that there is no significant risk of transmission of the virus, which is transmitted primarily by the respiratory route, from both pets and edible foods to humans. Although there are many reports in terrestrial animals, studies on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 - in aquatic animals or aquatic environments and COVID-19 transmission in aquatic animals continue. Here we reviewed the viability of the SARS-CoV-2 - in the aquatic environment, transmission to the aquatic ecosystem and aquatic animals, and therefore the risks to humans through water or aquatic products.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coronavirus in Fish, nCOVID-19 in Aquatic products, Coronavirus in Aquaculture

Kaynakça

• Alimentarius, C. (2009). Food hygiene Basic texts, Fourth Edition.
• Anderson, M., Buck, P., Dahiya, I., Ellis, A., Flockhart, L., Fraser, E., Weese, S. (2021). COVID-19 and Animals Frequently Asked Questions for Veterinarians. Son erişim tarihi: 21.01.2022. https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/updated-covid-19-and-animals-frequently-asked-questions-for-veterinarians
• Animals and COVID-19 / CDC. (2021, Kasım 18). Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2022 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/animals.html
• Bondad-Reantaso, M. G., Mackinnon, B., Bin, H., Jie, H., Tang-Nelson, K., Surachetpong, W., Shariff, M. (2020). Viewpoint: Sars-cov-2 (the cause of covid-19 in humans) is not known to infect aquatic food animals nor contaminate their products. Asian Fisheries Science, 33(1), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2020.33.1.009
• Boni, M. F., Lemey, P., Jiang, X., Lam, T. T. Y., Perry, B., Castoe, T., … Robertson, D. L. (2020, Mart 31). Evolutionary origins of the SARS‐CoV‐2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. bioRxiv, s. 2020.03.30.015008. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.015008
• Boylan, S. (2011). Zoonoses Associated with Fish. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Exotic Animal Practice, 14(3), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2011.05.003
• Caiyu, L. (2020). Beijing supermarkets stop selling salmon after wholesalers test positive for coronavirus - Global Times. Erişim tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1191462.shtml
• Caiyu, L., & Hui, Z. (2020). Virologists rebuke seafood markets becoming suspicious COVID-19 hot spots after cases test positive in Beijing market - Global Times. Erişim tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2021. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1191478.shtml
• Chen, D., Sun, J., Zhu, J., Ding, X., Lan, T., Zhu, L., … Xu, X. (2020a). Single-cell screening of SARS-CoV-2 target cells in pets, livestock, poultry and wildlife. bioRxiv, 2020.06.13.149690. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.13.149690
• Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Zhang, L. (2020b). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
• Chen, W., Lan, Y., Yuan, X., Deng, X. X., Li, Y., Cai, X., … Tang, X. (2020c). Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity. Emerging Microbes and Infections, 9(1), 469–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1732837
• Chen, Y., Guo, Y., Pan, Y., & Zhao, Z. J. (2020d). Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 525(1), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.071
• Coronavirus: no evidence that food is a source or transmission route | European Food Safety Authority. Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2022. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/coronavirus-no-evidence-food-source-or-transmission-route
• Dai, M., Li, H., Yan, N., Huang, J., Zhao, L., Xu, S., … Liao, M. (2021, Şubat 13). Long-term Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on Salmon as a Source for International Transmission. The Journal of infectious diseases, C. 223, ss. 537–539. NLM (Medline). https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa712
• Damas, J., Hughes, G. M., Keough, K. C., Painter, C. A., Persky, N. S., Corbo, M., … Lewin, H. A. (2020a). Broad host range of SARS-CoV-2 predicted by comparative and structural analysis of ACE2 in vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(36), 22311–22322. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010146117
• Damas, J., Hughes, G. M., Keough, K. C., Painter, C. A., Persky, N. S., Corbo, M., … Lewin, H. A. (2020b). Broad host range of SARS-CoV-2 predicted by comparative and structural analysis of ACE2 in vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(36), 22311–22322. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.2010146117
• Day, T., Gandon, S., Lion, S., & Otto, S. P. (2020). On the evolutionary epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Current Biology, 30(15), R849–R857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.031
• Desai, A. N., & Aronoff, D. M. (2020, Mayıs 19). Food Safety and COVID-19. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, C. 323, ss. 1982–1982. American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.5877
• Doremalen, V., Taylor, D., Lindsay, A. C., Halcox, J. P., & Doremalen, V. (2020). c or r e sp ondence Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. Nejm, 0–2.
• El Masry, I., von Dobschuetz, S., Plee, L., Larfaoui, F., Yang, Z., Song, J., … Sumption, K. (2020). Exposure of humans or animals to SARS-CoV-2 from wild, livestock, companion and aquatic animals. Içinde Exposure of humans or animals to SARS-CoV-2 from wild, livestock, companion and aquatic animals. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9959en
• FAO. (2016). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016.
• Fehr, A. R., & Perlman, S. (2015). Chapter 1 Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
• Feichtmayer, J., Deng, L., & Griebler, C. (2017). Antagonistic microbial interactions: Contributions and potential applications for controlling pathogens in the aquatic systems. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(NOV), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02192
• Fisher, D., Reilly, A., Eng Zheng, A. K., Cook, A. R., & Anderson, D. E. (2020, Ağustos 18). Seeding of outbreaks of COVID-19 by contaminated fresh and frozen food. bioRxiv, s. 2020.08.17.255166. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.255166
• GAA’s COVID-19 Blog: CBs May Grant Audit Extensions On Case-By-Case Basis. Son erişim tarihi: 25.01.2022. https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/blog/covid-19-update/
• Godoy, M. G., Kibenge, M. J. T., & Kibenge, F. S. B. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aquatic food animal species or their products: A review. Aquaculture, 536(July 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736460
• Govaris, A., & Pexara, A. (2021). Inactivation of Foodborne Viruses by High-Pressure Processing (HPP). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.3390/foods10020215
• Hammer, A. S., Quaade, M. L., Rasmussen, T. B., Fonager, J., Rasmussen, M., Mundbjerg, K., ... & Bøtner, A. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 transmission between mink (Neovison vison) and humans, Denmark. Emerging infectious diseases, 27(2), 547.
• Han, J., Zhang, X., He, S., & Jia, P. (2021). Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food? A review of evidence, risks, policies and knowledge gaps. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(1), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01101-x
• Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Schroeder, S., Krüger, N., Herrler, T., Erichsen, S., … Pöhlmann, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell, 181(2), 271-280.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
• JHU, & COVID-19 Map. COVID-19 Map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. , Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center § (2020).
• Ji, W., Wang, W., Zhao, X., Zai, J., & Li, X. (2020). Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25682
• Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020, Mart 1). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection, C. 104, ss. 246–251. W.B. Saunders Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
• Khan, S., Liu, J., & Xue, M. (2020). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Required Developments in Research and Associated Public Health Concerns. Frontiers in Medicine, 7(June), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00310
• Kim, C. H., & Leong, J.-A. Fish Viruses. , Encyclopedia of Virology § (1999). Elsevier.
• Koopmans, M., & Duizer, E. (2004). Foodborne viruses: An emerging problem. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 90(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00169-7
• Korban, D., & Sapin, R. (2020). China’s Chongqing detects new case of COVID-19 on Ecuadorian shrimp packaging | Intrafish. Tarihinde 11 Mayıs 2021, adresinden erişildi https://www.intrafish.com/coronavirus/chinas-chongqing-detects-new-case-of-covid-19-on-ecuadorian-shrimp-packaging/2-1-843632
• Lewis, H. C., Wichmann, O., & Duizer, E. (2010). Transmission routes and risk factors for autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: A systematic review. Epidemiology and Infection, 138(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809990847
• Li, X., Zai, J., Zhao, Q., Nie, Q., Li, Y., Foley, B. T., & Chaillon, A. (2020). Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross-species analyses of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25731
• Liu, P., Chen, W., & Chen, J. P. (2019). Viral metagenomics revealed sendai virus and coronavirus infection of malayan pangolins (manis javanica). Viruses, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110979
• Love, D. C., Allison, E. H., Asche, F., Belton, B., Cottrell, R. S., Froehlich, H. E., … Zhang, W. (2021). Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system. Global Food Security, 28, 100494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100494
• Mahdy, M. A. A., Younis, W., & Ewaida, Z. (2020, Aralık 11). An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, C. 7, s. 596391. Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.596391
• Matsuyama, S., Nagata, N., Shirato, K., Kawase, M., Takeda, M., & Taguchi, F. (2010). Efficient Activation of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein by the Transmembrane Protease TMPRSS2. Journal of Virology, 84(24), 12658–12664. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01542-10
• Millet, J. K., & Whittaker, G. R. (2015). Host cell proteases: Critical determinants of coronavirus tropism and pathogenesis. Virus Research, 202, 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.021
• Mordecai, G. J., & Hewson, I. (2020). Coronaviruses in the Sea. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11(July), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01795
• Mordecai, G. J., Miller, K. M., Di Cicco, E., Schulze, A. D., Kaukinen, K. H., Ming, T. J., … Suttle, C. A. (2019). Endangered wild salmon infected by newly discovered viruses. eLife, 8, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.47615
• Munnink, B. B. O., Sikkema, R. S., Nieuwenhuijse, D. F., Molenaar, R. J., Munger, E., Molenkamp, R., … Koopmans, M. P. G. (2021). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans. Science, 371(6525), 172–177. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe5901
• Ng, S. C., & Tilg, H. (2020). COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: More than meets the eye. Gut, C. 69, ss. 973–974. BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321195
• OIE. (2020). Technical Factsheet Infection With Sars-Cov-2 in Animals. World Organisation for Animal Health, 2(June), 1–4. Tarihinde adresinden erişildi https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Our_scientific_expertise/docs/pdf/COV-19/A_Factsheet_SARS-CoV-2.pdf
• Oreshkova, N., Moelnaar, R. J., Vreman, S., Harders, F., Munnink, B. B. O., Van Der Honin, R. W. H., … Stegeman, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks , the. Euro Surveillance, 25 (23)(May), 1–7. Tarihinde adresinden erişildi https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2001005
• Otter, J. A., Donskey, C., Yezli, S., Douthwaite, S., Goldenberg, S. D., & Weber, D. J. (2016). Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: The possible role of dry surface contamination. Journal of Hospital Infection, 92(3), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.027
• Pang, X., Ren, L., Wu, S., Ma, W., Yang, J., Di, L., … Wang, J. J. J. (2020). Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing. National Science Review, 7(12), 1861–1864. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa264
• Polo, D., Lois, M., Fernández-núñez, M. T., & Romalde, J. L. (2021). Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in bivalve mollusks and marine sediments. Science of the Total Environment, 786, 147534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147534
• Santini, J. M., & Edwards, S. J. L. (2020). Host range of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for public health. The Lancet Microbe, 1(4), e141–e142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30069-0
• Schlottau, K., Rissmann, M., Graaf, A., Schön, J., Sehl, J., Wylezich, C., … Beer, M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 in fruit bats, ferrets, pigs, and chickens: an experimental transmission study. The Lancet Microbe, 1(5), e218–e225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30089-6
• Schütze, H. (2016). Coronaviruses in Aquatic Organisms. Içinde Aquaculture Virology. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801573-5.00020-6
• Sharun, K., Tiwari, R., Natesan, S., & Dhama, K. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, associated zoonotic concerns, and importance of the One Health approach during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Veterinary Quarterly, 41(1), 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1867776
• Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., & Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
• Shi, J., Wen, Z., Zhong, G., Yang, H., Wang, C., Huang, B., … Bu, Z. (2020). Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Science, 368(6494), 1016–1020. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb7015
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2022). Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2022 https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
• Tiwari, R., Dhama, K., Sharun, K., Iqbal Yatoo, M., Malik, Y. S., Singh, R., … Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020, Ocak 1). COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. Veterinary Quarterly, C. 40, ss. 169–182. Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725
• Todd, E. C. D., Greig, J. D., Bartleson, C. A., & Michaels, B. S. (2008, Kasım 1). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 4. Infective doses and pathogen carriage. Journal of Food Protection, C. 71, ss. 2339–2373. IAMFES. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-71.11.2339
• V’kovski, P., Gultom, M., Steiner, S., Kelly, J., Russeil, J., Mangeat, B., … Dijkman, R. (2020, Nisan 27). Disparate temperature-dependent virus - host dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in the human respiratory epithelium. bioRxiv, s. 2020.04.27.062315. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.27.062315
• van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M. G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B. N., … Munster, V. J. (2020). Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), 1564–1567. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2004973
• Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, R. S., & Li, F. (2020). Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. Journal of Virology, 94(7), 2019–2020. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00127-20
• Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., & Gao, G. F. (2020a). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet, 395(10223), 470–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
• Wang, V., & Yu, E. (2020b). Coronavirus in China: Beijing Seafood Market Shuts Down - The New York Times. Tarihinde 15 Mayıs 2021, adresinden erişildi https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/13/world/asia/beijing-market-coronavirus.html
• Wang, X. W., Li, J. S., Jin, M., Zhen, B., Kong, Q. X., Song, N., … Li, J. W. (2005). Study on the resistance of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Journal of Virological Methods, 126(1–2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.005
• Wartecki, A., & Rzymski, P. (2020). On the coronaviruses and their associations with the aquatic environment and wastewater. Water (Switzerland), 12(6), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/W12061598
• Wong, M. C., Javornik Cregeen, S. J., Ajami, N. J., & Petrosino, J. F. (2020). Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019. bioRxiv, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.939207
• Woo, P. C. Y., Lau, S. K. P., Lam, C. S. F., Tsang, A. K. L., Hui, S.-W., Fan, R. Y. Y., … Yuen, K.-Y. (2014). Discovery of a Novel Bottlenose Dolphin Coronavirus Reveals a Distinct Species of Marine Mammal Coronavirus in Gammacoronavirus. Journal of Virology, 88(2), 1318–1331. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02351-13
• Zhai, X., Sun, J., Yan, Z., Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Zhao, Z., … Su, S. (2020). Comparison of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein Binding to ACE2 Receptors from Human, Pets, Farm Animals, and Putative Intermediate Hosts. Journal of Virology, 94(15). https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00831-20
• Zhao, X., Chen, D., Szabla, R., Zheng, M., Li, G., Du, P., … Lin, H. (2020). Broad and Differential Animal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Receptor Usage by SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Virology, 94(18). https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00940-20
• Zheng, F., Liao, C., Fan, Q. hong, Chen, H. bo, Zhao, X. gong, Xie, Z. guo, … Jin, R. ming. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China. Current Medical Science, 40(2), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-020-2172-6
• Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L. Lou, Wang, X.-G. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., … Shi, Z.-L. L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7