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Şırnak İli Entomopatojen Nematod Faunasının Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 249 - 256, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1421897

Öz

Kimyasal pestisitlerin olumsuz çevresel etkilerine ilişkin artan endişelerle birlikte, dünya
genelinde tarımsal zararlılarla mücadelede sürdürülebilir mücadele yöntemlerine yönelim artmıştır. Bu
bağlamda, entomopatojen nematodlar (EPN'ler), tarımsal üretimde zararlı böceklere karşı umut vaat
eden biyolojik mücadele ajanları olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Şırnak ili entomopatojen
nematodlarının (EPN) izolasyonu, tanımlanması ve karakterizasyonuna odaklanmaktadır. 2023 yılı
Temmuz ve Eylül ayları arasında toplam 256 toprak örneği toplanmış ve bu örneklerden 11 EPN izolatı
başarıyla elde edilmiştir. Bu da örneklerin % 4.3'ünü temsil etmektedir. Morfolojik incelemeler ve
mitokondriyal COI (COXI) ile 18S rDNA gen bölgelerini içeren moleküler teşhis yöntemleri
kullanılarak bu izolatlar tanımlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda beş adet Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
izolatı ve dört adet Steinernema türüne ait izolat (bir adet Steinernema carpocapsae, bir adet
Steinernema affine, iki adet Steinernema feltiae ve iki adet Steinernema sp.) tespit edilmiştir.
Filogenetik analizler, H. bacteriophora izolatları içinde düşük genetik değişkenlik olduğunu
gösterirken Steinernema türleri arasında ise daha fazla çeşitlilik olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışma,
Şırnak ilindeki EPN biyoçeşitliliği hakkında ilk bilgileri sunmakla birlikte sürdürülebilir tarımsal
uygulamalar için yerel izolatların önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu izolatların, bölgenin kendine özgü
tarımsal ve ekolojik koşullarına uygun entegre zararlı yönetimi stratejilerindeki etkinliklerini
belirleyebilmek için farklı böcek türleri üzerindeki etkinliklerini belirleyen çalışmalara ihtiyaç
bulunmaktadır.

Proje Numarası

2022.ÖOP.13.02.01 and 2022.ÖOP.13.02.02

Kaynakça

  • Abate, B.A., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Conlong, D.E., Burger, D.A., & Hurley, B.P. (2019). Virulence and survival of native entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of white grubs in South Africa. Biological Control, 137, 104043.
  • Bedding, R.A. & Akhurst, R.J. (1975). A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil. Nematologica, 21, 109-110.
  • Canhilal, R., Waeyenberge, L., Yüksel, E., Koca, A.S., Deniz, Y. & İmren, M. (2017). Assessment of the natural presence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Kayseri soils, Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 27(2).
  • Cimen, H., Půža, V., NermuŤ, J., Hatting, J., Ramakuwela, T., & Hazir, S. (2016). Steinernema biddulphin sp., a new entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from South Africa. Journal of Nematology, 48, 148-158.
  • Folmer, O., Black, M., Wr, H., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology & Biotechnology, 3, 294-299.
  • Gökçe, C., Erbaş, Z., Yılmaz, H., Demirbağ, Z., & Demir, I. (2015). A new entomopathogenic nematode species from Turkey, Steinernema websteri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and its virulence. Turkish Journal of Biology, 39(1), 167- 174.
  • Gökçe, C., Yilmaz, H., Erbas, Z., Demirbag, Z. & Demir, I. (2013). First record of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Turkey and its virulence against Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Nematology, 45(4), 253.
  • Gözel, U. & Güneş, Ç. (2012). Occurence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Turkey. 31st International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists. 23-27 September 2012, Adana, Turkey, 102p.
  • Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.U. & Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. (2005). Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CABI Publishing, USA, 506 p.
  • Griffin, C.T., Chaerani, R., Fallen, D., Reid, A.P. & Downs, M.J. (2000). Occurence and distribution of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. Journal of Helminthology, 74, 143- 150.
  • Griffin, C.T., Moore, J.F. & Downes, M.J. (1991). Occurrence of insect-parasitic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in the Republic of Ireland. Nematologica, 37(1-4), 92- 100.
  • Grisse, D. (1969). Redescription ou modification de quelques techniques utilisées dans l’étude des nématodes phytoparasitaires. Mededelingen van de Rijks Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Gent, 34, 351.
  • Güneş, Ç. & Gözel, U. (2011). Marmara Bölgesi’ndeki entomopatojen nematod faunasının belirlenmesi. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 2, 103-118.
  • Hara, A.H., Gaugler, R., Kaya, H.K. & Lebeck, L.M. (1991). Natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) from the Hawaiian Islands. Environmental Entomology, 20(1), 211-216.
  • Hazır, S., Kaya, H.K., Stock, S.P. & Keskin, N. (2003b). Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27(3), 181- 202.
  • Hazır, S., Stock, S.P. & Keskin, N. (2003a). A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema anatoliense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from Turkey. Systematic Parasitology, 55, 211- 220.
  • Hazir, S., Keskin, N., Stock, S.P., Kaya, H.K. & Özcan, S. (2003c). Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Biodiversity & Conservation, 12, 375- 386.
  • Hominick, W.M. (2002). Biogeography. In Entomopathogenic nematology, Wallingford UK: CABI publishing. 115-143p.
  • Hominick, W.M., Reid, A.P., Bohan, D.A. & Briscoe, B.R. (1996). Entomopathogenic nematodesbiodiversity, geographical distribution and the convention on biological diversity. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 6, 317-331.
  • Hooper, D.J. (1986). Handling, Fixing, Staining and Mounting Nematodes, pp 59-80. Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (Ed. JF Southey). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 202.
  • Kaya, H.K. & Stock, S.P. (1997). Techniques in insect nematology. In Lacey, L. (Ed), Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, Academic Pres, San Diego, CA 281-324p.
  • Kepenekci, I. (2014). Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida) of Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 32(1), 59-65.
  • Kepenekci, İ. & Susurluk, A. (2006). Susceptibility of the Mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni (Homoptera: Aphididae) of two isolates of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) under laboratory conditions. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 24(1), 49-55.
  • Kepenekci, İ., Evlice, E. & Özer, N. (2013). Entomopatojen nematodların ağ kurdu [Yponomeuta mallinellus Zell. ve Yponomeuta padella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)] larvalarına etkileri. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 53(4), 199-206.
  • Koppenhofer, A.M. (2000). Nematodes. In Lacey, L.A. & Kaya, H.K. (Ed), Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 283301.
  • Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6), 1547.
  • Kung, S.P., Gaugler, R. & Kaya, H.K. (1990). Soil type and entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 55(3), 401- 406.
  • Labaude, S. & Griffin, C.T. (2018). Transmission Success of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Used in Pest Control. Insects, 9(2),72.
  • Lacey, L.A., Grzywacz, D., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Frutos, R.; Brownbridge, M. & Goettel, M.S. (2015). Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 132, 1-41.
  • Lankin, G., Vidal-Retes, G., Allende, G., CastanedaAlvarez, C., San-Blas, E. & Aballay, E. (2020). Soil texture, infective juvenile concentration, and soil organic matter influence the efficacy of isolate Lican Ray. Journal of Nematology, 52(1), 1-11.
  • Liu, J. & Berry, R.E. (1996). Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Steinernema by morphological characters and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 19(5), 463-470.
  • Nguyen, K., & Hunt, D. (2007). Entomopathogenic nematodes: systematics, phylogeny and bacterial symbionts (Vol. 5). Brill.
  • Özdemir, E., Bayram, Ş. & Susurluk, I.A. (2020b). First Record of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema litorale (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and its symbiotic bacterium from Turkey, and its efficacy capability. Insects, 11(3), 144.
  • Özdemir, E., İnak, E., Evlice, E. & Laznik, Z. (2020a). Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with pesticides registered in vegetable copsa under laboratory conditions. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 127, 529-535.
  • Poinar, Jr, G.O. (1990). Taxonomy and biology of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control, 54.
  • Seinhorst, J.W. (1959). A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica, 4(1), 67-69.
  • Stock, S.P., Pryor, B.M. & Kaya, H.K. (1999). Distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in natural habitats in California. Biodiversity Conservation, 8, 535-549.
  • Stuart, R.J., Barbercheck, M.E. & Grewal, P.S. (2015). Entomopathogenic nematodes in the soil environment: distributions, interactions and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests: Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection, 97-137.
  • Stuart, R.J., Barbercheck, M.E., Grewal, P.S., Taylor, R.A. & Hoy, C.W. (2006). Population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes: concepts, issues, and models. Biological Control, 38(1), 80-102.
  • Sun, B., Zhang, X., Song, L., Zheng, L., Wei, X., Gu, X., Cui, Y., Hu, B., Yoshiga, T., Abd-Elgawad, M.M., et al. (2021). Evaluation of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes in Southwest China as potential biocontrol agents against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Nematology, 53, 1-17.
  • Susurluk, A., Dix, I., Stackebrandt, E., Strauch, O., Wyss, U. & Ehlers, R.U. (2001). Identification and ecological characterisation of three entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complexes from Turkey. Nematology, 3(8), 833- 841.
  • Susurluk, İ.A. (2007). A Review on Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Turkey. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 67-71.
  • Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., & Higgins, D.G. (2003). Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and ClustalX. Current protocols in bioinformatics, 1, 2-3.
  • Tülek, A., Ertürk, S., Kepenekci, İ. & Atay, T. (2015). Efficacy of native entomopathogenic nematodes against the stored grain insect pest, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) adults. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 25(1), 251-254.
  • Unlu, I.O., Ehlers, R.U. & Susurluk, A. (2007). Additional data and first record of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema weiseri from Turkey. Nematology, 9(5), 739-741. Uribe-Lorío, L., Mora, M. & Stock, S.P. (2005). First record of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Costa Rica. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 88(3), 226-231.
  • White, G.F. (1927). A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures. Science, 66, 302- 303.
  • Yılmaz, H., Gokce, C., Demir, İ. & Demirbağ, Z. (2010). Laboratory screening of the pathogenicity of some local entomopathogenic nematode isolates against the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (Col.: Scarabaeidae). 43th Annual Meeting of Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Trabzon, p. 61.
  • Yüksel, E. & Canhilal, R. (2019). Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes occurring in Cappadocia Region, Central Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 29-40.

Determination of Entomopathogenic Nematode Fauna in Şırnak, Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 249 - 256, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1421897

Öz

With increasing concerns over the adverse environmental impacts of chemical pesticides,
there has been a growing interest towards sustainable pest management strategies worldwide. In this
context, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have emerged as promising biological control agents
against insect pests in agricultural production. This study focused on the isolation, identification, and
characterization of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in Şırnak Province, Türkiye. Over the period
from July to September 2023, a comprehensive survey involving the collection of 256 soil samples led
to the successful isolation, of 11 EPN isolates, which accounted for 4.3% of the samples. Morphological
examinations and molecular diagnostics, including mitochondrial COI and 18S rDNA gene regions,
facilitated the precise identification of these isolates. Notably, our findings revealed a diverse
population of EPNs, predominantly Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, comprising five isolates, alongside
four distinct species of Steinernema (one Steinernema carpocapsae, one Steinernema affine, two
Steinernema feltiae and two Steinernema sp.). Phylogenetic analysis, utilizing the mitochondrial
cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COXI) and the 18S rDNA gene regions, indicated low genetic variability
within H. bacteriophora, whereas a higher level of diversity was observed among Steinernema species.
Notably, the presence of diverse EPN species highlights their capacity as effective biocontrol agents
against a range of insect pests. These findings provide valuable insights into the biodiversity of EPNs
in Şırnak Province and underscore the significance of utilizing local isolates for sustainable agricultural
practices. Further research is warranted to elucidate the efficacy of these isolates in integrated pest
management strategies tailored to the region's specific agroecological conditions.

Etik Beyan

The authors have agreed for authorship, read and approved the manuscript, and given consent for submission and subsequent publication of the manuscript.

Destekleyen Kurum

Şırnak University

Proje Numarası

2022.ÖOP.13.02.01 and 2022.ÖOP.13.02.02

Kaynakça

  • Abate, B.A., Slippers, B., Wingfield, M.J., Conlong, D.E., Burger, D.A., & Hurley, B.P. (2019). Virulence and survival of native entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of white grubs in South Africa. Biological Control, 137, 104043.
  • Bedding, R.A. & Akhurst, R.J. (1975). A simple technique for the detection of insect parasitic rhabditid nematodes in soil. Nematologica, 21, 109-110.
  • Canhilal, R., Waeyenberge, L., Yüksel, E., Koca, A.S., Deniz, Y. & İmren, M. (2017). Assessment of the natural presence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Kayseri soils, Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 27(2).
  • Cimen, H., Půža, V., NermuŤ, J., Hatting, J., Ramakuwela, T., & Hazir, S. (2016). Steinernema biddulphin sp., a new entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from South Africa. Journal of Nematology, 48, 148-158.
  • Folmer, O., Black, M., Wr, H., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology & Biotechnology, 3, 294-299.
  • Gökçe, C., Erbaş, Z., Yılmaz, H., Demirbağ, Z., & Demir, I. (2015). A new entomopathogenic nematode species from Turkey, Steinernema websteri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), and its virulence. Turkish Journal of Biology, 39(1), 167- 174.
  • Gökçe, C., Yilmaz, H., Erbas, Z., Demirbag, Z. & Demir, I. (2013). First record of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Turkey and its virulence against Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Nematology, 45(4), 253.
  • Gözel, U. & Güneş, Ç. (2012). Occurence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Turkey. 31st International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists. 23-27 September 2012, Adana, Turkey, 102p.
  • Grewal, P.S., Ehlers, R.U. & Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. (2005). Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CABI Publishing, USA, 506 p.
  • Griffin, C.T., Chaerani, R., Fallen, D., Reid, A.P. & Downs, M.J. (2000). Occurence and distribution of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis indica in Indonesia. Journal of Helminthology, 74, 143- 150.
  • Griffin, C.T., Moore, J.F. & Downes, M.J. (1991). Occurrence of insect-parasitic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in the Republic of Ireland. Nematologica, 37(1-4), 92- 100.
  • Grisse, D. (1969). Redescription ou modification de quelques techniques utilisées dans l’étude des nématodes phytoparasitaires. Mededelingen van de Rijks Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Gent, 34, 351.
  • Güneş, Ç. & Gözel, U. (2011). Marmara Bölgesi’ndeki entomopatojen nematod faunasının belirlenmesi. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 2, 103-118.
  • Hara, A.H., Gaugler, R., Kaya, H.K. & Lebeck, L.M. (1991). Natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) from the Hawaiian Islands. Environmental Entomology, 20(1), 211-216.
  • Hazır, S., Kaya, H.K., Stock, S.P. & Keskin, N. (2003b). Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27(3), 181- 202.
  • Hazır, S., Stock, S.P. & Keskin, N. (2003a). A new entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema anatoliense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), from Turkey. Systematic Parasitology, 55, 211- 220.
  • Hazir, S., Keskin, N., Stock, S.P., Kaya, H.K. & Özcan, S. (2003c). Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Biodiversity & Conservation, 12, 375- 386.
  • Hominick, W.M. (2002). Biogeography. In Entomopathogenic nematology, Wallingford UK: CABI publishing. 115-143p.
  • Hominick, W.M., Reid, A.P., Bohan, D.A. & Briscoe, B.R. (1996). Entomopathogenic nematodesbiodiversity, geographical distribution and the convention on biological diversity. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 6, 317-331.
  • Hooper, D.J. (1986). Handling, Fixing, Staining and Mounting Nematodes, pp 59-80. Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (Ed. JF Southey). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 202.
  • Kaya, H.K. & Stock, S.P. (1997). Techniques in insect nematology. In Lacey, L. (Ed), Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology, Academic Pres, San Diego, CA 281-324p.
  • Kepenekci, I. (2014). Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida) of Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 32(1), 59-65.
  • Kepenekci, İ. & Susurluk, A. (2006). Susceptibility of the Mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni (Homoptera: Aphididae) of two isolates of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) under laboratory conditions. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 24(1), 49-55.
  • Kepenekci, İ., Evlice, E. & Özer, N. (2013). Entomopatojen nematodların ağ kurdu [Yponomeuta mallinellus Zell. ve Yponomeuta padella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)] larvalarına etkileri. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 53(4), 199-206.
  • Koppenhofer, A.M. (2000). Nematodes. In Lacey, L.A. & Kaya, H.K. (Ed), Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 283301.
  • Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6), 1547.
  • Kung, S.P., Gaugler, R. & Kaya, H.K. (1990). Soil type and entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 55(3), 401- 406.
  • Labaude, S. & Griffin, C.T. (2018). Transmission Success of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Used in Pest Control. Insects, 9(2),72.
  • Lacey, L.A., Grzywacz, D., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Frutos, R.; Brownbridge, M. & Goettel, M.S. (2015). Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 132, 1-41.
  • Lankin, G., Vidal-Retes, G., Allende, G., CastanedaAlvarez, C., San-Blas, E. & Aballay, E. (2020). Soil texture, infective juvenile concentration, and soil organic matter influence the efficacy of isolate Lican Ray. Journal of Nematology, 52(1), 1-11.
  • Liu, J. & Berry, R.E. (1996). Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Steinernema by morphological characters and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 19(5), 463-470.
  • Nguyen, K., & Hunt, D. (2007). Entomopathogenic nematodes: systematics, phylogeny and bacterial symbionts (Vol. 5). Brill.
  • Özdemir, E., Bayram, Ş. & Susurluk, I.A. (2020b). First Record of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema litorale (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and its symbiotic bacterium from Turkey, and its efficacy capability. Insects, 11(3), 144.
  • Özdemir, E., İnak, E., Evlice, E. & Laznik, Z. (2020a). Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with pesticides registered in vegetable copsa under laboratory conditions. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 127, 529-535.
  • Poinar, Jr, G.O. (1990). Taxonomy and biology of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control, 54.
  • Seinhorst, J.W. (1959). A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica, 4(1), 67-69.
  • Stock, S.P., Pryor, B.M. & Kaya, H.K. (1999). Distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in natural habitats in California. Biodiversity Conservation, 8, 535-549.
  • Stuart, R.J., Barbercheck, M.E. & Grewal, P.S. (2015). Entomopathogenic nematodes in the soil environment: distributions, interactions and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests: Ecology and Applied Technologies for Sustainable Plant and Crop Protection, 97-137.
  • Stuart, R.J., Barbercheck, M.E., Grewal, P.S., Taylor, R.A. & Hoy, C.W. (2006). Population biology of entomopathogenic nematodes: concepts, issues, and models. Biological Control, 38(1), 80-102.
  • Sun, B., Zhang, X., Song, L., Zheng, L., Wei, X., Gu, X., Cui, Y., Hu, B., Yoshiga, T., Abd-Elgawad, M.M., et al. (2021). Evaluation of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes in Southwest China as potential biocontrol agents against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Nematology, 53, 1-17.
  • Susurluk, A., Dix, I., Stackebrandt, E., Strauch, O., Wyss, U. & Ehlers, R.U. (2001). Identification and ecological characterisation of three entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complexes from Turkey. Nematology, 3(8), 833- 841.
  • Susurluk, İ.A. (2007). A Review on Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Turkey. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 67-71.
  • Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., & Higgins, D.G. (2003). Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and ClustalX. Current protocols in bioinformatics, 1, 2-3.
  • Tülek, A., Ertürk, S., Kepenekci, İ. & Atay, T. (2015). Efficacy of native entomopathogenic nematodes against the stored grain insect pest, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) adults. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 25(1), 251-254.
  • Unlu, I.O., Ehlers, R.U. & Susurluk, A. (2007). Additional data and first record of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema weiseri from Turkey. Nematology, 9(5), 739-741. Uribe-Lorío, L., Mora, M. & Stock, S.P. (2005). First record of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Costa Rica. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 88(3), 226-231.
  • White, G.F. (1927). A method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures. Science, 66, 302- 303.
  • Yılmaz, H., Gokce, C., Demir, İ. & Demirbağ, Z. (2010). Laboratory screening of the pathogenicity of some local entomopathogenic nematode isolates against the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (Col.: Scarabaeidae). 43th Annual Meeting of Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Trabzon, p. 61.
  • Yüksel, E. & Canhilal, R. (2019). Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes occurring in Cappadocia Region, Central Turkey. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 29-40.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ziraat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Esengül Erdem 0000-0002-8274-282X

Mustafa Rüstemoğlu 0000-0002-1298-1702

Proje Numarası 2022.ÖOP.13.02.01 and 2022.ÖOP.13.02.02
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdem, E., & Rüstemoğlu, M. (2024). Determination of Entomopathogenic Nematode Fauna in Şırnak, Türkiye. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 9(2), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1421897


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