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Kurak Alanlar için Restorasyon Stratejileri: Hidrojel ve Sulama Sıklığının Meşe, Alıç ve Çam Fidanlarının Hayatta Kalması Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 87 - 94
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1617868

Öz

Bu çalışmada, sulama sıklığı ve toprak hidrojel ilavesinin, bir sera deneyinde üç ağaç türünden - meşe (Quercus robur), alıç (Crataegus monogyna) ve çam (Pinus sylvestris) - fidanlarının kuraklığa tepkisi ve hayatta kalması üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Amaç, kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde ekolojik restorasyon için bu faktörlerin etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Toplam 240 fide (tür başına 80), sulama rejimleri ve toprak değişiklikleri bakımından farklılık gösteren dört deneysel uygulamaya tabi tutulmuştur. Deney 1 ve 3'te ilk 20 gün boyunca günlük sulama yapılırken, Deney 2 ve 4'te aynı süre boyunca beş kez sulama yapılmış ve ardından 30 günlük kuraklık stresi uygulanmıştır. Hidrojel, Deney 3 ve 4'te 8-10 litre toprak başına 8-10 gram oranında toprağa dahil edilmiştir. Fidanlar benzersiz kodlar kullanılarak izlenmiştir ve solma indekslerine bakılarak hayatta kalmaları takip edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, alıç fidanlarının en yüksek hayatta kalma oranlarını ve en düşük solma skorlarını sergilediğini, ardından meşe ve çamın geldiğini göstermiştir. Günlük sulama ile hidrojel katkılı toprakta yetiştirilen fidanlar daha az solma göstermiştir. Bulgular, hidrojel ilavesinin ve artan sulama sıklığının kuraklığa dayanıklılığı artırdığını ve bu yöntemlerin su kısıtlı ortamlarda ekolojik restorasyon çabalarında kullanılmasının potansiyel faydalarına işaret ettiğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Acosta, A., d’Albertas Gomes de Carvalho, F., de Souza Leite, M., Saraiva, A. & Metzger, J. (2018). Gaps and limitations in the use of restoration scenarios: a review. Restoration Ecology, 26(6), 1108-1119. DOI: 10.1111/rec.12882
  • Anderegg, W.R., Klein, T., Bartlett, M., Sack, L., Pellegrini, A.F., Choat, B. & Jansen, S. (2016). Meta-analysis reveals that hydraulic traits explain cross-species patterns of drought-induced tree mortality across the globe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), 5024- 5029. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525678113
  • Angelina, L. (2006). Media Influence on Post-Harvest Container Plant Quality in a Retail Nursery Setting. MSc Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 122p.
  • Arbona, V., Igsekilesias, D., Jacas, J., Primo-Millo, E., Talon, M. & Gómez-Cadenas, A. (2005). Hydrogel substrate amendment alleviates drought effects on young citrus plants. Plant and Soil, 270(1), 73-82. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-004-1160-0
  • Ayan, S., Sıvacıoğlu, A., Öner, M. & Demircioğlu, N., (2007). Kurak ve yarı kurak alanlarda bitki canliliğini korumada kullanilabilecek toprak ıslah edici materyaller. Türkiyede Yarıkurak Bölgelerde Yapılan Ağaçlandırma ve Erozyon Kontrolü Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi Çalıştayı, 16 Ocak 2007, Nevşehir, Türkiye, 183- 190.
  • Balta, F.M., Karakaya, O. & Ekici, G. (2015). Physical Features of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Growing in Çorum. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 35-42.
  • Bayen, P., Lykke, A. & Thiombiano, A. (2015). Success of three soil restoration techniques on seedling survival and growth of three plant species in the Sahel of Burkina Faso (West Africa). Journal of Forestry Research, 27(2), 313-320. DOI: 10.1007/s11676-015-0159-0
  • Bektaş, İ., Oruç, S., Bal, B.C. & Ak, A. (2016). Relationship between Wood Physical Properties of English Oak (Quercus robur L.): Ormancılık Dergisi, 12(1), 61-71.
  • Berrahmoni, N., Regato, P. & Parfondry, M. (2015). Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands: building resilience and benefiting livelihoods. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.55 55 /20163321860, Erişim tarihi: 10.12.2017.
  • Bongers, F. & Tennigkeit, T. (2010). Degraded forests in Eastern Africa management and restoration,1st ed., Earthscan, New York, USA, 58p.
  • Bowman, C.D., Evans, Y.R. & Paul, J.L. (1990). Fertilizer salts reduce hydration of polyacrylamide gels and affect physical properties of gel-amended container media. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.55 55/19911955400, Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2017.
  • ÇEM. (2013). Kurak ve Yarı Kurak Alanlarda Ağaçlandırma ve Rehabilitasyon Rehberi, http://www.cem.gov.tr/erozyon/Files/moduller/er ozyon/KurakveYari%B1kurak%20AlanlarC3%A 7land%C4%B1rma%20ve%20Erozyon%20Rehb eri%20son.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2018.
  • Çorbacı, Ö.L. & Bayramoğlu, E. (2021). Drought tolerant landscape design approach example of RTE Campus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30(11), 11948-11955.
  • Çorbacı, Ö.L. & Ekren, E. (2022). Kentsel Açık Yeşil Alanların Kurakçıl Peyzaj Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara Altınpark Örneği, Peyzaj Araştırmaları ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.56629/paud.1137410
  • Çorbacı, Ö.L. & Özyavuz, M. (2024). Kentsel açık yeşil alanlarda kurakçıl peyzaj (xeriscape) çalışmaları. İnce, K. (Ed.). Kentsel Yeşil Alanların Sürdürülebilir Yönetimi, 109-171. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12698789
  • Chirino, E., Vilagrosa, A. & Vallejo, V. (2011). Using hydrogel and clay to improve the water status of seedlings for dryland restoration. Plant and Soil, 344(1-2), 99-110. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-011- 0730-1
  • De Groot, R. S., Blignaut, J., Van Der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., Elmqvist, T. & Farley, J. (2013). Benefits of investing in ecosystem restoration. Conservation Biology, 27(6), 1286-1293. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12158
  • Engelbrecht, B. & Kursar, T. (2003). Comparative drought-resistance of seedlings of 28 species of co-occurring tropical woody plants. Oecologia, 136(3), 383-393. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003- 1290-8
  • Escolar, C., Martinez, I., Bowker, M. & Maestre, F. (2012). Warming reduces the growth and diversity of biological soil crusts in a semi-arid environment: implications for ecosystem structure and functioning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1606), 3087-3099. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0344
  • Huang, J., Yu, H., Guan, X., Wang, G. & Guo, R. (2015). Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6(2), 166-171. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2837
  • Kalefetoğlu, T. & Ekmekçi, Y. (2005). The effects of drought on plant and tolerance mechanisms. Gazi University Journal of Science. 18(4), 723-740. Kozlowski, T.T., & Pallardy, S.G. (1997). Physiology of Woody Plants, 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 427p.
  • Larcher, W. (1980). Physiological plant ecology: ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups, 1st ed., Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany, 172p.
  • Marshall, R. (2014). The Greenhouse Gardener's Manual, 1st ed., Timber Press, London, UK, 249p. Öner, N., Erşahin, S., Ayan, S. & Özel, H. B. (2016). İç Anadolu’da yarı kurak alanların rehabilitasyonu. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1-2), 32-44.
  • Öner, N. & Sıvacıoğlu, A. (2010). Yarı kurak bölge ağaçlandırmaları ve çölleşme (Çankırı ve Tosya Örneği). Çölleşme İle Mücadele Sempozyumu, 17 Haziran 2010, Çorum, Türkiye, 94-104.
  • Rosenfield, M. & Müller, S. (2017). Predicting restored communities based on reference ecosystems using a trait-based approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 176-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.024
  • Sánchez, A., Luzuriaga, A., Peralta, A. & Escudero, A. (2014). Environmental control of germination in semi-arid Mediterranean systems: the case of annuals on gypsum soils. Seed Science Research, 24(03), 247-256. DOI: 10.1017/S0960258514000154
  • Sánchez-Rodríguez, A.R., Carswell, A.M., Shaw, R., Hunt, J., Saunders, K., Cotton, J. & Misselbrook, T.H. (2018). Advanced processing of food waste based digestate for mitigating nitrogen losses in a winter wheat crop. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2, 35. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00035
  • Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1-2), 32-44.
  • Öner, N. & Sıvacıoğlu, A. (2010). Yarı kurak bölge ağaçlandırmaları ve çölleşme (Çankırı ve Tosya Örneği). Çölleşme İle Mücadele Sempozyumu, 17 Haziran 2010, Çorum, Türkiye, 94-104.
  • Rosenfield, M. & Müller, S. (2017). Predicting restored communities based on reference ecosystems using a trait-based approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 176-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.024
  • Sánchez, A., Luzuriaga, A., Peralta, A. & Escudero, A. (2014). Environmental control of germination in semi-arid Mediterranean systems: the case of annuals on gypsum soils. Seed Science Research, 24(03), 247-256. DOI: 10.1017/S0960258514000154
  • Sánchez-Rodríguez, A.R., Carswell, A.M., Shaw, R., Hunt, J., Saunders, K., Cotton, J. & Misselbrook, T.H. (2018). Advanced processing of food waste based digestate for mitigating nitrogen losses in a winter wheat crop. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2, 35. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00035
  • Specht, A. & Harvey, J. (2000). Improving water delivery to the roots of recently transplanted seedling trees: The use of hydrogels to reduce leaf and hasten root establishment. Journal of Forest Research, 1, 117-123.
  • Taeger, S., Sparks, T.H. & Menzel, A. (2015). Effects of temperature and drought manipulations on seedlings of Scots pine provenances. Plant Biology, 17(2), 361-372. DOI: 10.1111/plb.12245
  • Thomas, E., Jalonen, R., Loo, J., Boshier, D., Gallo, L., Cavers, S., Bordács, S., Smith, P. & Bozzano, M. (2014). Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species. Forest Ecology and Management, 333, 66-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.015
  • Turna, I. & Güney, D. (2009). Altitudinal variation of some morphological characters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(2), 202-208.
  • Yüksek, T., Yüksek, F., Özalp, M. & Ölmez, Z. (2018). Determination of the Growth Performance and Soil Protection Ability of the Caper (Capparis sp) in Eroded Site in Semi-Arid Region of Artvin, Turkey. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 3(2), 62-67. DOI: 10.35229/jaes.398500

Restoration Strategies for Drylands: Impact of Hydrogel and Watering Frequency on Oak, Hawthorn and Pine Seedlings Survival

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 87 - 94
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1617868

Öz

This study investigates the effects of irrigation frequency and soil hydrogel addition on the drought response and survival of seedlings from three tree species—oak (Quercus robur), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), and pine (Pinus sylvestris)—in a greenhouse experiment. The objective is to assess these factors' implications for ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. A total of 240 seedlings (80 per species) were subjected to four experimental treatments, varying in watering regimes and soil amendments. Experiments 1 and 3 featured daily irrigation for the first 20 days, while Experiments 2 and 4 involved irrigation five times over the same period, followed by 30 days of drought stress. Hydrogel was incorporated into the soil in Experiments 3 and 4 at a rate of 8-10 grams per 8-10 liters of soil. Seedlings were tracked using unique codes and monitored for wilting and survival. Results showed hawthorn seedlings exhibited the highest survival rates and lowest wilting scores, followed by oak and pine. Seedlings grown in hydrogel-amended soil with daily watering demonstrated reduced wilting. The findings suggest that hydrogel addition and increased irrigation frequency enhance drought resilience, indicating potential benefits for using these methods in ecological restoration efforts in water-limited environments.

Kaynakça

  • Acosta, A., d’Albertas Gomes de Carvalho, F., de Souza Leite, M., Saraiva, A. & Metzger, J. (2018). Gaps and limitations in the use of restoration scenarios: a review. Restoration Ecology, 26(6), 1108-1119. DOI: 10.1111/rec.12882
  • Anderegg, W.R., Klein, T., Bartlett, M., Sack, L., Pellegrini, A.F., Choat, B. & Jansen, S. (2016). Meta-analysis reveals that hydraulic traits explain cross-species patterns of drought-induced tree mortality across the globe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), 5024- 5029. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525678113
  • Angelina, L. (2006). Media Influence on Post-Harvest Container Plant Quality in a Retail Nursery Setting. MSc Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 122p.
  • Arbona, V., Igsekilesias, D., Jacas, J., Primo-Millo, E., Talon, M. & Gómez-Cadenas, A. (2005). Hydrogel substrate amendment alleviates drought effects on young citrus plants. Plant and Soil, 270(1), 73-82. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-004-1160-0
  • Ayan, S., Sıvacıoğlu, A., Öner, M. & Demircioğlu, N., (2007). Kurak ve yarı kurak alanlarda bitki canliliğini korumada kullanilabilecek toprak ıslah edici materyaller. Türkiyede Yarıkurak Bölgelerde Yapılan Ağaçlandırma ve Erozyon Kontrolü Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi Çalıştayı, 16 Ocak 2007, Nevşehir, Türkiye, 183- 190.
  • Balta, F.M., Karakaya, O. & Ekici, G. (2015). Physical Features of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Growing in Çorum. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 35-42.
  • Bayen, P., Lykke, A. & Thiombiano, A. (2015). Success of three soil restoration techniques on seedling survival and growth of three plant species in the Sahel of Burkina Faso (West Africa). Journal of Forestry Research, 27(2), 313-320. DOI: 10.1007/s11676-015-0159-0
  • Bektaş, İ., Oruç, S., Bal, B.C. & Ak, A. (2016). Relationship between Wood Physical Properties of English Oak (Quercus robur L.): Ormancılık Dergisi, 12(1), 61-71.
  • Berrahmoni, N., Regato, P. & Parfondry, M. (2015). Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands: building resilience and benefiting livelihoods. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.55 55 /20163321860, Erişim tarihi: 10.12.2017.
  • Bongers, F. & Tennigkeit, T. (2010). Degraded forests in Eastern Africa management and restoration,1st ed., Earthscan, New York, USA, 58p.
  • Bowman, C.D., Evans, Y.R. & Paul, J.L. (1990). Fertilizer salts reduce hydration of polyacrylamide gels and affect physical properties of gel-amended container media. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.55 55/19911955400, Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2017.
  • ÇEM. (2013). Kurak ve Yarı Kurak Alanlarda Ağaçlandırma ve Rehabilitasyon Rehberi, http://www.cem.gov.tr/erozyon/Files/moduller/er ozyon/KurakveYari%B1kurak%20AlanlarC3%A 7land%C4%B1rma%20ve%20Erozyon%20Rehb eri%20son.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2018.
  • Çorbacı, Ö.L. & Bayramoğlu, E. (2021). Drought tolerant landscape design approach example of RTE Campus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 30(11), 11948-11955.
  • Çorbacı, Ö.L. & Ekren, E. (2022). Kentsel Açık Yeşil Alanların Kurakçıl Peyzaj Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara Altınpark Örneği, Peyzaj Araştırmaları ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 4(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.56629/paud.1137410
  • Çorbacı, Ö.L. & Özyavuz, M. (2024). Kentsel açık yeşil alanlarda kurakçıl peyzaj (xeriscape) çalışmaları. İnce, K. (Ed.). Kentsel Yeşil Alanların Sürdürülebilir Yönetimi, 109-171. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12698789
  • Chirino, E., Vilagrosa, A. & Vallejo, V. (2011). Using hydrogel and clay to improve the water status of seedlings for dryland restoration. Plant and Soil, 344(1-2), 99-110. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-011- 0730-1
  • De Groot, R. S., Blignaut, J., Van Der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., Elmqvist, T. & Farley, J. (2013). Benefits of investing in ecosystem restoration. Conservation Biology, 27(6), 1286-1293. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12158
  • Engelbrecht, B. & Kursar, T. (2003). Comparative drought-resistance of seedlings of 28 species of co-occurring tropical woody plants. Oecologia, 136(3), 383-393. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003- 1290-8
  • Escolar, C., Martinez, I., Bowker, M. & Maestre, F. (2012). Warming reduces the growth and diversity of biological soil crusts in a semi-arid environment: implications for ecosystem structure and functioning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1606), 3087-3099. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0344
  • Huang, J., Yu, H., Guan, X., Wang, G. & Guo, R. (2015). Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6(2), 166-171. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2837
  • Kalefetoğlu, T. & Ekmekçi, Y. (2005). The effects of drought on plant and tolerance mechanisms. Gazi University Journal of Science. 18(4), 723-740. Kozlowski, T.T., & Pallardy, S.G. (1997). Physiology of Woody Plants, 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 427p.
  • Larcher, W. (1980). Physiological plant ecology: ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups, 1st ed., Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany, 172p.
  • Marshall, R. (2014). The Greenhouse Gardener's Manual, 1st ed., Timber Press, London, UK, 249p. Öner, N., Erşahin, S., Ayan, S. & Özel, H. B. (2016). İç Anadolu’da yarı kurak alanların rehabilitasyonu. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1-2), 32-44.
  • Öner, N. & Sıvacıoğlu, A. (2010). Yarı kurak bölge ağaçlandırmaları ve çölleşme (Çankırı ve Tosya Örneği). Çölleşme İle Mücadele Sempozyumu, 17 Haziran 2010, Çorum, Türkiye, 94-104.
  • Rosenfield, M. & Müller, S. (2017). Predicting restored communities based on reference ecosystems using a trait-based approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 176-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.024
  • Sánchez, A., Luzuriaga, A., Peralta, A. & Escudero, A. (2014). Environmental control of germination in semi-arid Mediterranean systems: the case of annuals on gypsum soils. Seed Science Research, 24(03), 247-256. DOI: 10.1017/S0960258514000154
  • Sánchez-Rodríguez, A.R., Carswell, A.M., Shaw, R., Hunt, J., Saunders, K., Cotton, J. & Misselbrook, T.H. (2018). Advanced processing of food waste based digestate for mitigating nitrogen losses in a winter wheat crop. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2, 35. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00035
  • Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1-2), 32-44.
  • Öner, N. & Sıvacıoğlu, A. (2010). Yarı kurak bölge ağaçlandırmaları ve çölleşme (Çankırı ve Tosya Örneği). Çölleşme İle Mücadele Sempozyumu, 17 Haziran 2010, Çorum, Türkiye, 94-104.
  • Rosenfield, M. & Müller, S. (2017). Predicting restored communities based on reference ecosystems using a trait-based approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 391, 176-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.024
  • Sánchez, A., Luzuriaga, A., Peralta, A. & Escudero, A. (2014). Environmental control of germination in semi-arid Mediterranean systems: the case of annuals on gypsum soils. Seed Science Research, 24(03), 247-256. DOI: 10.1017/S0960258514000154
  • Sánchez-Rodríguez, A.R., Carswell, A.M., Shaw, R., Hunt, J., Saunders, K., Cotton, J. & Misselbrook, T.H. (2018). Advanced processing of food waste based digestate for mitigating nitrogen losses in a winter wheat crop. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2, 35. DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00035
  • Specht, A. & Harvey, J. (2000). Improving water delivery to the roots of recently transplanted seedling trees: The use of hydrogels to reduce leaf and hasten root establishment. Journal of Forest Research, 1, 117-123.
  • Taeger, S., Sparks, T.H. & Menzel, A. (2015). Effects of temperature and drought manipulations on seedlings of Scots pine provenances. Plant Biology, 17(2), 361-372. DOI: 10.1111/plb.12245
  • Thomas, E., Jalonen, R., Loo, J., Boshier, D., Gallo, L., Cavers, S., Bordács, S., Smith, P. & Bozzano, M. (2014). Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species. Forest Ecology and Management, 333, 66-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.015
  • Turna, I. & Güney, D. (2009). Altitudinal variation of some morphological characters of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(2), 202-208.
  • Yüksek, T., Yüksek, F., Özalp, M. & Ölmez, Z. (2018). Determination of the Growth Performance and Soil Protection Ability of the Caper (Capparis sp) in Eroded Site in Semi-Arid Region of Artvin, Turkey. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 3(2), 62-67. DOI: 10.35229/jaes.398500
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Rehabilitasyonu ve Restorasyonu
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emre Akaydın 0009-0008-3086-2863

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Mart 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 29 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akaydın, E. (2025). Restoration Strategies for Drylands: Impact of Hydrogel and Watering Frequency on Oak, Hawthorn and Pine Seedlings Survival. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1617868


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