For The Choice of Impregnated Wood Resistant to Biological Effects in Cultural Heritage Preservation: A Methodological Approach

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 1 - 15, 25.11.2024

Habibe Öztürk , Z. Sevgen Perker

Öz

In order to preserve the architectural heritage and pass it on to future generations, it is essential to ensure the longevity of the building materials that make up the heritage. Wood, one of the primary building materials of the architectural heritage, deteriorates for various reasons, and biological problems are a significant part of these reasons. Different biological organisms use wood to meet their needs for food and living space. For this reason, it is essential to find solutions to biologically related problems so that the wooden material can have a long life. The most commonly used process for preserving wooden materials is impregnation. The impregnation process can be applied with different preservatives and methods for various purposes. For this reason, architects who carry out conservation applications must evaluate the negative factors the wooden material will face regarding structure and detail, focus on specific performances, and choose materials accordingly. In this context, this research aims to analyze impregnation research focusing on the biological resistance of wooden materials and to guide architects who practice preservation. Within the scope of the research, six articles on the subject in the Dergipark database were analyzed in terms of their content. As a result, the research presented a biological resistance-oriented framework that will systematize architects' impregnated wood selection processes in cultural heritage protection.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Architecture, Biological Resistance, Building Material, Impregnation, Wood

Kaynakça

• Altay, Ç., & Özdemir, E. (2023). Yanmayı geciktirici maddelerle muamele edilen ve epoksi ile poliürea reçineleriyle kaplanan Doğu kayını odununun çürüklük direnci. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 106-112. https://doi.org/10.17474/artvinofd.1194306
• Arango, R., Lebow, S. T., & Glaeser, J. A. (2021). Wood handbook, Wood as an engineering material. Chapter 14. Biodeterioration of Wood.
• Aslan, S., Usta, İ. (2009). Ağaç Malzemede Mavi Renk Oluşumu ve Mavileşmenin Ahşabın Kullanımına Etkileri. Yapı Dünyası Dergisi, 2009, 164-165.
• Bozkurt, A., Göker, Y., & Erdin, N. (1993) Emprenye tekniği. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Bozkurt A., Y., & Erdin, N., (2011). Ağaç Teknolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları Erişim adresi: http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/KITAP/2012-02062.pdf
• Bozkurt, Ö. (2008). Tarihi yapıların restorasyonunda ahşabın biyolojik bozulmalarına karşı yerinde emprenye tekniklerinin uygulanabilirliği. Doktora Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı, Edirne.
• Belchinskaya, L., Zhuzhukin, K. V. , Ishchenko, T., & Platonov, A. (2021). Impregnation of Wood with Waste Engine Oil to Increase Water- and Bio-Resistance. Forests, 12, 1762.
• Calovi, M., Zanardi, A., & Rossi, S. (2024). Recent Advances in Bio-Based Wood Protective Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Applied Sciences, 14, 736.
• Can, A., Lee, S. H., Antov, P., & Ghani, M. A. A. (2023). Phase-Change-Material-Impregnated Wood for Potential Energy-Saving Building Materials. Forests, 14, 514.
• Can, A., & Sivrikaya, H. (2017). Mantar Tahribatına Uğramış Titrek Kavak Odununun FT-IR Yöntemiyle Kimyasal Analizi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.299364
• Cooksona, L. J. , Qader b A., Creffielda, J.W., & Scown, , D.K. (2009). Treatment of timber with permethrin in supercritical carbon dioxide to control termites. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 49, 203–208.
• Cragg, S. M. (2003). Marine Wood Boring Arthropods: Ecology, Functional Anatomy, and Control Measures. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 272-286). American Chemical Society.
• Daniel, G. (2003). Microview of Wood under Degradation by Bacteria and Fungi. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 34-72). American Chemical Society.
• Distel, D. L. (2003). The Biology of Marine Wood Boring Bivalves and Their Bacterial Endosymbionts. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 253-271). American Chemical Society.
• Dizman Tomak, E., Günaydın, A., & Arpacı, S. S. (2021). Bakır, çinko ve seryum içeren kimyasal maddeler ile odunun antifungal özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 22(1), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.801815
• Gardner, D. J., Tascioglu, C., & Wålinder, M. E. P. (2003). Wood Composite Protection. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 399-419). American Chemical Society.
• Goodell, B. (2003). Brown-Rot Fungal Degradation of Wood: Our Evolving View. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 97-118). American Chemical Society.
• Green, F., & Schultz, T. P. (2003). New Environmentally-Benign Concepts in Wood Protection: The Combination of Organic Biocides and Non-Biocidal Additives. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 378-389). American Chemical Society.
• Günay, R. (2002). Geleneksel ahşap yapılar sorunları ve çözüm yolları. İstanbul: Birsen Yayınevi.
• Halliwel, B. (2003). Free Radical Chemistry as Related to Degradative Mechanisms. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 10-15). American Chemical Society.
• Is It Really Mold or Just Staining? CONNER Industries. Conner Industries Retrieved January 23, 2024, from https://www.connerindustries.com/is-it-really-mold-or-just-staining/
• Kartal, S. N. (2016). Tarihi ahşap yapılarda biyotik/abiyotik bozunmalar ve koruma/bakım Önlemleri. Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Çalışmaları Dergisi, (16), 51-58.
• Kılınç, S., Temiz, A., & Köse Demirel, G. (2022). Tanalith E ve Celcure AC 500 ile emprenye edilerek hazırlanan kızılağaç kamelyalarının biyolojik dayanımı ve yıkanma mekanizması. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9 (Özel Sayı), 363-368. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1095156
• Kjellowa, A. W., & Henriksen, O. (2009). Supercritical wood impregnation. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 50, 297–304.
• KUDEB. (2009). Kudeb ahşap eğitim atölyesi geleneksel ahşap yapı uygulamaları. İstanbul: İ.B.B. Kudeb Yayınları. Erişim adresi: https://kudeb.ibb.istanbul/wp content/uploads/2020/01/Geleneksel-Ahsap-yapi-Uygulamalari-Kitabi.pdf
• Lee, C. L, Chin, K. L., Khoo, P. S., Hafizuddin, M. S., & H’ng, P. S. (2022). Production and Potential Application of Pyroligneous Acids from Rubberwood and Oil Palm Trunk as Wood Preservatives through Vacuum-Pressure Impregnation Treatment. Polymers, 14, 3863.
• Leightley, L. E. (2003). Protection of Wood Using Combinations of Biocides. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 390-398). American Chemical Society.
• Little, N. S., Blount, N. A., Londo, A. J., Kitchens, S. C., Schultz, T. P., McConnell, T. E., & Riggins, J. J. (2012). Preference of Formosan Subterranean Termites for Blue-Stained Southern Yellow Pine Sapwood. Journal Of Economic Entomology, 105 (5), 1640-1644.
• Martín, J. A., & López, R. (2023). Biological Deterioration and Natural Durability of Wood in Europe. Forests, 14, 283.
• Messner, K., Fackler, K., Lamaipis, P., Gindl, W., Srebotnik, E., & Watanabe, T. (2003). Overview of White-Rot Research: Where We are Today. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 73-81). American Chemical Society.
• Milton, F. T. (1995). The preservation of wood. Minnesota Extension Service.
• Nicholas, D. D., & Crawford, D. (2003). Concepts in the Development of New Accelerated Test Methods for Wood Decay. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 288-312). American Chemical Society.
• Örs, Y., & Keskin, H. (2001). Ağaç Malzeme Bilgisi. Ankara: Atlas Yayınevi.
• Öztürk, H. (2024). Ahşap emprenyesi üzerine yapılan çalışmaların analizi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
• Perker, Z. S. (2004). Geleneksel Ahşap Yapılarımızda Kullanım Sürecinde Oluşan Yapı Elemanı Bozulmalarının Cumalıkızık Örneğinde İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı, Bursa.
• Perker, Z. S., & Akıncıtürk, N. (2006). Cumalıkızık’da Ahşap Yapı Elemanı Bozulmaları. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.61527
• Preston, A. F. (2003). Can Understanding the Mechanisms of Biodegradation Help Preservative Development? In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 372-377). American Chemical Society.
• Reading, N. S., Welch, K. D., & Aust, S. D. (2003). Free Radical Reactions of Wood-Degrading Fungi. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 16-31). American Chemical Society.
• Repič, R., Pondelak, A., Kržišnik, D., Humar, M., & Škapin, A. S. (2022). Combining mineralisation and thermal modification to improve the fungal durability of selected wood species. Journal of Cleaner Production, 351, 1-9.
• Schmutzer, M., Schwanninger, M., Fackler, K., Messner, K., & Gradinger, C. (2008). Comparison of methods to evaluate the potential of fungal growth on decay of spruce wood after short-time treatment. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 61 (4), 319-324.
• Shelton, T. G., & Grace, J. K. (2003). Termite Physiology in Relation to Wood Degradation and Termite Control. In B. Goodell, D. D. Nicholas, T. P. Schultz (Eds.), Wood Deterioration and Preservation Advances in Our Changing World-ACS Symposium Series 845 (pp. 242-252). American Chemical Society.
• Sundararaj, R. (Ed.). (2022). Science of Wood Degradation and Its Protection. Springer Singapore.
• Şen, S., & Hafızoğlu, H. (2008). Bazı Bitkisel Ekstraktların Toprakla Temasta Odun Koruyucu Etkinliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 4(1-2), 69-82.
• Şen, S., & Yalçın, M. (2009). Çeşitli Koruyucu Maddeler ile Emprenye Edilmiş Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) Odununda Deniz Şartlarında Oluşan Ağırlık Kayıplarının İncelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 5(2), 1-10.
• Tascioglu, C., & Tsunoda, K. (2010). Biological performance of copper azole-treated wood and wood-based composites. Holzforschung, 64 (3), 399-406.
• Tawfik, M. E., Ghanem, S. M., Eskander, S. B., Abd El-Nasser, N. H., & Motawe, F. H. (2020). Biological Performance of Hard Wood Composite formulated from Rice Straw and Polystyrene Foam Wastes. KGK Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe, 73(10), 49-56.
• Thomasson, G. L., Capizzi, J., Dost, F., Morrell, J., & Miller, D. (2006). Wood preservation and wood products treatment: training manual. Erişim adresi: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em8403_1.pdf
• Transportation place Dock near the Sea Free Photo. Vecteezy. Retrieved May 14, 2024. https://www.vecteezy.com/photo/3109641-transportation-place-dock-near-the-sea.
• Udele, K. E., Morrell, J. J., & Sinha, A. (2021). Biological Durability of Cross-Laminated Timber- The State of Things. Forest Products Journal, 71 (2), 124-132.
• Wang, J. Y., Stirling, R., Morris, P. I., Taylor, A., Lloyd, J., Kirker, G., Lebow, S., Mankowski, M. E., Barnes, H. M., & Morrell, J. J. (2018). Durability Of Mass Timber Structures: A Review Of The Biological Risks. Wood and Fiber Science, 50 (Special Issue), 110-127.
• Wooden bricole, wooden mooring poles in the water, Venice, Italy, 2019 Free Photo, Vecteezy. https://www.vecteezy.com/photo/2840616-wooden-bricole-wooden-mooring-poles-in-the-water-venice-italy-2019. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
• Yıldız, Ü. C. (2011). Dış mekanda ahşap kullanımı. KTÜ Orman Fakültesi, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği, Ders Notu.
• Zhu, Y., Li, W., Meng, D. S., Li, X. J., & Goodell, B. (2022). Non-enzymatic modification of the crystalline structure and chemistry of Masson pine in brown-rot decay. Carbohydrate Polymers, 286, 119242.