A Systematic Research on Ballistic Characteristics of Aerial Ammunitions

Öz

Aviation has come a long way since its early days, and as technology has advanced, air vehicles have become even more advanced and effective, especially on the battlefield. In addition, in-depth research and discoveries in the field of aviation have a significant impact on the aviation industry, especially in the field of munitions. In this context, aerial ammunition is an important component of aviation and is widely used in combat. Because a malfunction that may occur during separation or premature detonation during separation from the aircraft may cause fatal effects on the crew. That’s why the bomb must be safely separated from the air vehicles. Modern bombs are therefore equipped with advanced safety features that guarantee a precise and safe separation from the aircraft before explosion. In addition, the determination of the ballistic coefficient according to the size of the desired effect reveals the importance of the choice of munition types. Otherwise, it will not be possible to achieve the desired level of target destruction. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the basic characteristics of aerial munitions, including the composition and operation of generic aircraft bombs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aerial Ammunition
• Generic Bomb Types
• Air-to-Ground Bombs
• Safe Separation
• Tactical Ammunition

Havacılık Mühimmatlarının Balistik Karakterizasyonuna Yönelik Bir Sistematik Araştırma

Öz

Havacılık ilk günlerinden bu tarafa çok yol kat etmiştir ve teknoloji ilerledikçe uçaklar daha da gelişerek özellikle harp sahasında çok etkili hale gelmiştir. Ayrıca havacılık alanında derinlemesine gerçekleştirilen araştırma çalışmaları ile ortaya konan buluşlar özellikle mühimmat konusunda havacılık sektörünü büyük ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu bağlamda, havacılık mühimmatları havacılığın önemli bir bileşenidir ve muharebede yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Havacılık mühimmatının, uçağa konuşlanma sırasında meydana gelebilen bir arıza veya uçaktan ayrılırken meydana gelen erken patlamanın mürettebat üzerinde ölümcül etkilere neden olmasından dolayı bombanın emniyetli bir şekilde ayrılması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle çağdaş bombalar, patlamadan önce uçaktan kesin ve güvenli bir şekilde ayrılmayı garanti eden gelişmiş güvenlik özellikleriyle donatılmaktadır. İlave olarak, istenen etkinin boyutuna göre balistik katsayının belirlenmesi, mühimmat tiplerine yönelik seçimin önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Aksi takdirde hedefdeki tahribatın istenilen ölçüde gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmayacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hava mühimmatlarının temel özellikleri ve jenerik uçak bombalarının bileşimi ile işleyişi hakkında kapsamlı bir kavrayış sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Havacılık Mühimmatları
• Jenerik Bomba Türleri
• Havadan Yere Bombalar
• Emniyetli Ayrılma
• Taktik Mühimmatlar

Kaynakça

1. [1] Balagansky, I. (2022). “Damaging Effects of Weapons and Ammunition”. Wiley. Chapter 4. 225-268. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119779568.
2. [2] Ghose, D. (2004).”Missile guidance and control systems”. George M. Siouris, Springer, New York, NY, ISBN: 0-387-00726-1. International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control. 16. 283-285. https://doi.org/10.1002/rnc.1056.
3. [3] Shiyao L., Wei W., Wei L., Chendi L. (2019). “The research of loop-shaping method to mitigate the total error effect in air-to-air missiles”. Optik.181.923-932.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.12.162.
4. [4] Chadha, C., Crowe, K., Carmen, C., Patterson, A. (2018). “Exploring an AM-Enabled Combination-of-Functions Approach for Modular Product Design”. Designs. 10.20944/preprints201809.0438.v1.
5. [5] Jones, R. (2018).”Aircraft Sustainment and Repair”. Multiplicative Manufacturing and Aircraft Sustainment.931–938. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100540-8.00018-2.
6. [6] Altmann, J., Suter, D. (2022). “Survey of the Status of Small and Very Small Missiles”. Technische Universtat Dortmund. Report No:2.
7. [7] Michal, K. (2021). “Conceptual Design of an Experimental Dual-Control Surface-to-Air Missile.International Conference on Military Technologies (ICMT). doi:10.1109/icmt52455.2021.9502796.
8. [8] Roberts, D., Capezznto, R. (1999). "AGM-114 hellfire missile system and FLIR/LASER test and integration on the H-60 aircraft," 1999 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.99TH8403), Snowmass, CO, USA, 1999, pp. 63-72 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/AERO.1999.789765.

9. [9] Kravchuk, I., Dmytro, B., Taranenko, V., Zirka, M. (2021). “Flight Range Extension of a Guided Aerial Bomb with a Rocket Engine during Climb Bombing”. Advances in Military Technology, 16(2), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.3849/aimt.01462.
10. [10] Cressman, R. J. (1990). "A Glorious page in our history". Chester Nimitz, 1942: The Battle of Midway, 4–6 June 1942. Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories Pub. Co.. ISBN 0-929521-40-4.
11. [11] Nadar, O. (2014). “Aircraft/Stores Compatibility, Integration and Separation Testing. NATO Agard Series”. STO AGARDograph 300, Flight Test Technique Series. Volume 29, ISBN 978-92-837-0214-6.
12. [12] Chesneau, R. (1980). “Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946”. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177- 146-7.
13. [13] Krawczyk, T., Tomala, R. (2014). “System for estimation of danger zones and safe evacuation routes in the face of bomb threat-discussion on the approach”. International Journal of Microelectronics and Computer Science, 5(4), 155-159.
14. [14] Deng, Y., Wang, P. (2005). “Ancient Chinese Inventions”. China Intercontinental Press, pp. 113, ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
15. [15] Dodson, M.G. (2005). "An Historical and Applied Aerodynamic Study of the Wright Brothers’ Wind Tunnel Test Program and Application to Successful Manned Flight." Proceedings of the ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. Volume 1: Symposia, Parts A and B. Houston, Texas, USA. June 19–23, 2005. pp. 269-278. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/FEDSM2005-77256.
16. [16] Evans, D., Peattie, M. R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7.
17. [17] Ewing, S. (2004). Thach Weave: The Life of Jimmie Thach. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-248-2.
18. [18] Krishnamoorthy, L.V., Kirk, D.R., Glass, R. (1997). An Aerodynamic Database for the Mk 82 General Purpose Low Drag Bomb.
19. [19] Elert, S.,Sokołowski, D. (2018). “Precision Gliding Bombs Used by Armed Forces and their Development Trends. Issues of Armament Technology”. 148(4), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1673.
20. [20] Momcilo, N. (2015). “Aerodynamic characteristics and fuze arming time determination of anti-armour aviation bomb”. Scientific Technical Review.
21. [21] Holmes, W. (1979). “Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II” (Bluejacket Books). Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-324-9.
22. [22] Hakim, J. (1995). “A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz”. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
23. [23] Pan, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Cai, C., Jia, S. (2023). “Research on the safe separation corridor of the combined aircraft and its generation method”. Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University. 41. 480-489. 10.1051/jnwpu/20234130480.
24. [24] Daso, D. (2008). “Weapons of Choice: The Development of Precision Guided Munitions”. Technology and Culture. 49. 252-254. 10.1353/tech.2008.0021.
25. [25] Sabatini, R., Guercio, F., Campo, G., Marciante, A. (2000). “Laser Guided Bombs and Convertible Designation Pod Integration on Italian TORNADO-IDS”. 31st Annual Symposium of the Society of Flight Test Engineers, Turin, Italy, 18-22 September 2000.
26. [26] Fleeman, E.L. (2001). “Tactical Missile Design”. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Virginia, USA. ISBN: 1-56347-494-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000086838.
27. [27] Arslan, K. (2014). "Aerodynamic Optimization of Missile External Configurations". M.Sc. Thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.