Araştırma Makalesi
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Hava Trafik Kontrol Kulelerinin Tepe Hız Kaynaklı Rüzgar Basınçları: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 203 - 219, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.51785/jar.1495988

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı, Avrupa genelindeki 30.48 metre (100 feet) üzerindeki hava trafik kontrol kulelerinin tepe hız kaynaklı rüzgar basınçlarını belirleyerek yapısal dayanıklılıklarını karşılaştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, EN-1991-1-4 kriterlerini referans alınarak Avrupa’daki 64 havalimanının hava trafik kontrol kuleleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Avrupa genelindeki farklı coğrafi bölgelerdeki hava trafik kulelerinin maruz kaldığı rüzgar hızları ve tepe hız kaynaklı rüzgar basıncı değerlerinde önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Atina Havalimanı hava trafik kontrol kulesi 2.52 kN/m² ile en yüksek tepe hız kaynaklı rüzgar basıncına ulaşırken en düşük değer 0.89 kN/m² ile Zagreb Havalimanı hava trafik kontrol kulesi için tespit edilmiştir. Bu farklar kulelerin yapısal dayanıklılığının belirlenmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Yüksek tepe hız kaynaklı rüzgar basıncına maruz kalan kuleler için daha sağlam malzemeler kullanılmalı ve yapıların aerodinamik tasarımı dikkate alınmalıdır. Coğrafi konumların rüzgar yükleri üzerindeki belirgin etkisi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu bulgular mevcut ve yapılacak olan hava trafik kontrol kulelerinin emniyeti için önemli ipuçları sunmuştur. Gelecekteki çalışmalarda farklı coğrafi bölgelerdeki hava trafik kontrol kulelerinin incelenmesi ve rüzgar yüklerine karşı yapısal tasarım stratejilerinin daha kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırılması yoluyla bu bulguların genişletilmesi önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Saba, E.G. (1995). Design of Bracings for Wind and Earthquake Forces. Design of Steel Structures, 150-186.
  • ACAMS. (2024). Jeddah systems FAT. https://www.acams.com/news/10/31/Jeddah-systems-FAT (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Admassu, S. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Concentric Bracing Systems for Lateral Loads on Medium Rise Steel Building Structures. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst207428
  • Ahmed, A., Arthur, C., & Edwards, M. (2010). Collapse and pull-down analysis of high voltage electricity transmission towers subjected to cyclonic wind. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 10, 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/10/1/012004
  • Amrutkar, S., Sarvade, A., & Waghmare, M. (2022). Effect of Structural Shape on Seismic Response of Air Traffic Control Tower. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 10 (V).
  • Boztepe, A., & Aktaş, G. (2023). Hava trafik kontrol kulelerinin deprem performansı ve izolasyon etkisi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 14(4), 743-751.
  • Chaloulos, G. (2011). Optimization-based control for conflict resolution in air traffic management (Doctoral dissertation, ETH Zurich).
  • Dalkıran, A. (2021). Determination of airports’ atmospheric mixing height boundaries using operational data. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 93(8), 1278-1286.
  • Degas, A., Kaddoum, E., Gleizes, M., Adreit, F., & Rantrua, A. (2021). Cooperative multi-agent model for collision avoidance applied to air traffic management. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., 102, 104286. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGAPPAI.2021.104286
  • Dlubal. (2024). Snow Load, Wind Speed, and Seismic Load Maps. https://www.dlubal.com/en/solutions/online-services/snow-load-wind-speed-and-seismic-load-maps (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Eshghi, S., & Farrokhi, H. (2003). Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Airport Traffic Control Towers. Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 5, 31-40.
  • European Union. (2010). EN 1991-1-1:4:2005; Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions, wind actions.
  • Gheorghe, C., & Sebea, M. (2010). The Economic and Social Benefits of Air Transport. Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 60-66.
  • Gong, X., Zhu, R., & Chen, L. (2019). Characteristics of Near Surface Winds Over Different Underlying Surfaces in China: Implications for Wind Power Development. Journal of Meteorological Research, 33, 349-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-019-8126-x
  • Hartmann, J.H. (2014). Feasibility study of Air Traffic Control Towers around the globe: International research regarding the local influences providing an optimal structural design for air traffic control towers around the globe in an economical perspective. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d967d34b-09ad-490e-94d6-66bc3a30d9c9 (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Heiza, K., & Tayel, M. (2012). Comparative Study of The Effects of Wind and Earthquake Loads on High-rise Buildings. Concrete Research Letters, 3, 386-405.
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (1984). Air traffic services planning manual – Doc 9426-AN/924.
  • Ishutkina, M., & Hansman, R.J. (2008). Analysis of Interaction between Air Transportation and Economic Activity. In The 26th Congress of ICAS and 8th AIAA ATIO (p. 8888).
  • Li, Q., Fang, J., Jeary, A., Wong, C. (1998). Full scale measurements of wind effects on tall buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 74, 741-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00067-1
  • Moravej, H. & Vafaei, M. (2019). Seismic Performance Evaluation of an ATC Tower Through Pushover Analysis. Structural Engineering International, 29(1), 144-149.
  • Moravej, H., Vafaei, M., & Bakar, S. (2016). Seismic performance of a wall-frame air traffic control tower. Earthquakes and Structures, 10, 463-482. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2016.10.2.463
  • Panethos. (2024). World’s tallest air traffic control towers: 2024 update. https://panethos.wordpress.com/2024/05/06/worlds-sky-high-civilian-air-traffic-control-towers/ (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Prakash, R., Alam, S., & Duong, V. (2020). A mixed integer programming model for optimal ATC tower height and location: a case study for Singapore Changi Airport's third runway extension. Engineering Optimization, 52, 139 - 164. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2019.1577405
  • Preciado, A., Ramírez-Gaytán, A., Salido-Ruiz, R., Caro-Becerra, J., & Luján-Godínez, R. (2015). Earthquake risk assessment methods of unreinforced masonry structures: Hazard and vulnerability. Earthquakes and Structures, 9, 719-733. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2015.9.4.719
  • Raju, K.R., Shereef, M.I., Iyer, N.R., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (2013). Analysis and design of RC tall building subjected to wind and earthquake loads. In The Eighth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering (pp. 844-852).
  • Sexton, J.A., Perkins, B.J., Armour, T.A., & Parmantier, D.M. (2004). Foundation Seismic Retrofit of Boeing Field Control Tower. In Geo Support 2004: Innovation and Cooperation in the Geo-Industry American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Civil Engineers, International Association of Foundation Drilling.
  • Sharma, R. (2019). Analysis and Design of Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tower. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(5), 619-637.
  • Sheng, R., Perret, L., Calmet, I., Demouge, F., & Guilhot, J. (2018). Wind tunnel study of wind effects on a high-rise building at a scale of 1:300. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 174, 391-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.01.017
  • Shiomi, K., Sato, H., Fukuda, Y., Kageyama, K., Hiwada, T., Kageyama, K., ... Fukuda, Y. (1997). Development of ATC simulation facility. In Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference (p. 3811).
  • Sollenberger, N., Billington, D., & Scanlan, R. (1980). Wind Loading and Response of Cooling Towers. Journal of the Structural Division, 106, 601-621.
  • Sullivan, B.J., McKenzie, H.S., & Philpott, A.E. (2017). Wellington Airways Control Tower- Structural Design for Resilience, Case Study. NZSEE Conference.
  • Vafaei, M., & Adnan, B.A. (2011). Sensors Placement in Airport Traffic Control Towers for Seismic Health Monitoring. In First Middle East Conference on Smarth Monitoring, Assesment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures.
  • Vafaei, M., & Alih, S.C. (2016). Assessment of seismic design response factors of air traffic control towers. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 14, 3441-3461.
  • Vafaei, M., & Alih, S.C. (2018a). Seismic Vulnerability of Air Traffic Control Towers. Natural Hazards, 90, 803-22.
  • Vafaei, M., & Alih, S.C. (2018b). Estimation of Design Base Shear in Concrete Wall Air Traffic Control Towers. In 16th European Conference on Earthqauke Engineering.
  • Venanzi, I., Lavan, O., Ierimonti, L., & Fabrizi, S. (2018). Multi-hazard loss analysis of tall buildings under wind and seismic loads. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 14, 1295 - 1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2018.1442482
  • Wilcoski, J., & Heymsfield, E. (2002). Performance and rehabilitation of type L FAA airport traffic control tower at San Carlos, California, for seismic loading. Journal of performance of constructed facilities, 16(2), 85-93.

Peak Velocity Pressure of Air Traffic Control Towers: A Comparative Study

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 203 - 219, 29.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.51785/jar.1495988

Öz

The aim of the study was to compare the structural resistance of air traffic control towers (ATCTs) in Europe over 100 feet (30.48 meters) in height by determining their peak velocity pressure. A comprehensive examination was conducted on the ATCTs of 64 airports across Europe, with a reference to the EN-1991-1-4 criteria. The findings revealed notable differences in wind speeds and peak velocity pressure values experienced by ATCTs located in diverse geographical regions of Europe. The Athens Airport ATCT recorded the highest peak velocity pressure at 2.52 kN/m², while the lowest value was recorded at Zagreb Airport ATCT at 0.89 kN/m². These differences play a crucial role in determining the structural resistance of ATCTs. ATCTs exposed to high peak velocity pressures should use stronger materials and incorporate aerodynamic designs. Considering the significant influence of geographical location on wind loads, these results provide important insights into the safety of existing and future ATCTs. It is recommended that these findings be extended by investigating ATCTs in different geographical regions and that structural design strategies against wind loads be more thoroughly investigated in future studies.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Saba, E.G. (1995). Design of Bracings for Wind and Earthquake Forces. Design of Steel Structures, 150-186.
  • ACAMS. (2024). Jeddah systems FAT. https://www.acams.com/news/10/31/Jeddah-systems-FAT (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Admassu, S. (2020). Comparative Evaluation of Concentric Bracing Systems for Lateral Loads on Medium Rise Steel Building Structures. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst207428
  • Ahmed, A., Arthur, C., & Edwards, M. (2010). Collapse and pull-down analysis of high voltage electricity transmission towers subjected to cyclonic wind. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 10, 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/10/1/012004
  • Amrutkar, S., Sarvade, A., & Waghmare, M. (2022). Effect of Structural Shape on Seismic Response of Air Traffic Control Tower. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 10 (V).
  • Boztepe, A., & Aktaş, G. (2023). Hava trafik kontrol kulelerinin deprem performansı ve izolasyon etkisi. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 14(4), 743-751.
  • Chaloulos, G. (2011). Optimization-based control for conflict resolution in air traffic management (Doctoral dissertation, ETH Zurich).
  • Dalkıran, A. (2021). Determination of airports’ atmospheric mixing height boundaries using operational data. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, 93(8), 1278-1286.
  • Degas, A., Kaddoum, E., Gleizes, M., Adreit, F., & Rantrua, A. (2021). Cooperative multi-agent model for collision avoidance applied to air traffic management. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell., 102, 104286. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGAPPAI.2021.104286
  • Dlubal. (2024). Snow Load, Wind Speed, and Seismic Load Maps. https://www.dlubal.com/en/solutions/online-services/snow-load-wind-speed-and-seismic-load-maps (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Eshghi, S., & Farrokhi, H. (2003). Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Airport Traffic Control Towers. Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 5, 31-40.
  • European Union. (2010). EN 1991-1-1:4:2005; Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions, wind actions.
  • Gheorghe, C., & Sebea, M. (2010). The Economic and Social Benefits of Air Transport. Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 60-66.
  • Gong, X., Zhu, R., & Chen, L. (2019). Characteristics of Near Surface Winds Over Different Underlying Surfaces in China: Implications for Wind Power Development. Journal of Meteorological Research, 33, 349-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-019-8126-x
  • Hartmann, J.H. (2014). Feasibility study of Air Traffic Control Towers around the globe: International research regarding the local influences providing an optimal structural design for air traffic control towers around the globe in an economical perspective. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:d967d34b-09ad-490e-94d6-66bc3a30d9c9 (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Heiza, K., & Tayel, M. (2012). Comparative Study of The Effects of Wind and Earthquake Loads on High-rise Buildings. Concrete Research Letters, 3, 386-405.
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (1984). Air traffic services planning manual – Doc 9426-AN/924.
  • Ishutkina, M., & Hansman, R.J. (2008). Analysis of Interaction between Air Transportation and Economic Activity. In The 26th Congress of ICAS and 8th AIAA ATIO (p. 8888).
  • Li, Q., Fang, J., Jeary, A., Wong, C. (1998). Full scale measurements of wind effects on tall buildings. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 74, 741-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00067-1
  • Moravej, H. & Vafaei, M. (2019). Seismic Performance Evaluation of an ATC Tower Through Pushover Analysis. Structural Engineering International, 29(1), 144-149.
  • Moravej, H., Vafaei, M., & Bakar, S. (2016). Seismic performance of a wall-frame air traffic control tower. Earthquakes and Structures, 10, 463-482. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2016.10.2.463
  • Panethos. (2024). World’s tallest air traffic control towers: 2024 update. https://panethos.wordpress.com/2024/05/06/worlds-sky-high-civilian-air-traffic-control-towers/ (Accessed date: May 26, 2024).
  • Prakash, R., Alam, S., & Duong, V. (2020). A mixed integer programming model for optimal ATC tower height and location: a case study for Singapore Changi Airport's third runway extension. Engineering Optimization, 52, 139 - 164. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2019.1577405
  • Preciado, A., Ramírez-Gaytán, A., Salido-Ruiz, R., Caro-Becerra, J., & Luján-Godínez, R. (2015). Earthquake risk assessment methods of unreinforced masonry structures: Hazard and vulnerability. Earthquakes and Structures, 9, 719-733. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2015.9.4.719
  • Raju, K.R., Shereef, M.I., Iyer, N.R., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (2013). Analysis and design of RC tall building subjected to wind and earthquake loads. In The Eighth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering (pp. 844-852).
  • Sexton, J.A., Perkins, B.J., Armour, T.A., & Parmantier, D.M. (2004). Foundation Seismic Retrofit of Boeing Field Control Tower. In Geo Support 2004: Innovation and Cooperation in the Geo-Industry American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Civil Engineers, International Association of Foundation Drilling.
  • Sharma, R. (2019). Analysis and Design of Air Traffic Control (ATC) Tower. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(5), 619-637.
  • Sheng, R., Perret, L., Calmet, I., Demouge, F., & Guilhot, J. (2018). Wind tunnel study of wind effects on a high-rise building at a scale of 1:300. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 174, 391-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JWEIA.2018.01.017
  • Shiomi, K., Sato, H., Fukuda, Y., Kageyama, K., Hiwada, T., Kageyama, K., ... Fukuda, Y. (1997). Development of ATC simulation facility. In Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference (p. 3811).
  • Sollenberger, N., Billington, D., & Scanlan, R. (1980). Wind Loading and Response of Cooling Towers. Journal of the Structural Division, 106, 601-621.
  • Sullivan, B.J., McKenzie, H.S., & Philpott, A.E. (2017). Wellington Airways Control Tower- Structural Design for Resilience, Case Study. NZSEE Conference.
  • Vafaei, M., & Adnan, B.A. (2011). Sensors Placement in Airport Traffic Control Towers for Seismic Health Monitoring. In First Middle East Conference on Smarth Monitoring, Assesment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures.
  • Vafaei, M., & Alih, S.C. (2016). Assessment of seismic design response factors of air traffic control towers. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 14, 3441-3461.
  • Vafaei, M., & Alih, S.C. (2018a). Seismic Vulnerability of Air Traffic Control Towers. Natural Hazards, 90, 803-22.
  • Vafaei, M., & Alih, S.C. (2018b). Estimation of Design Base Shear in Concrete Wall Air Traffic Control Towers. In 16th European Conference on Earthqauke Engineering.
  • Venanzi, I., Lavan, O., Ierimonti, L., & Fabrizi, S. (2018). Multi-hazard loss analysis of tall buildings under wind and seismic loads. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 14, 1295 - 1311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2018.1442482
  • Wilcoski, J., & Heymsfield, E. (2002). Performance and rehabilitation of type L FAA airport traffic control tower at San Carlos, California, for seismic loading. Journal of performance of constructed facilities, 16(2), 85-93.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hava-Uzay Ulaşımı
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Arif Tuncal 0000-0003-4343-6261

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuncal, A. (2024). Peak Velocity Pressure of Air Traffic Control Towers: A Comparative Study. Journal of Aviation Research, 6(2), 203-219. https://doi.org/10.51785/jar.1495988

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