Doğal Koksidiostat Olarak Kullanılan Bazı Alternatif Bitki Ekstraktlarının Güvercinlere Etkileri

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, güvercin sürülerinde kullanılan koksidiostatların etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışmada, Pakistan'ın Lahor kentinin farklı bölgelerinden temin edilen 4 aylık 60 adet sağlıklı genç güvercin kullanılmıştır. Güvercinler 15’er adetlik 4 gruba ayrılmıştır (A, B, C, D). Çalışmada, A grubunda neem yaprakları ekstraktının, B grubunda guava yaprakları ekstraktının, C grubunda antikoksidiyal ilacın etkileri koksidiyoz hastalığına karşı karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenirken, D grubundaki güvercinler ise kontrol grubudur. Araştırmada, enfekte olmayan gruptaki güvercinlerin, tedavi edilen gruplara göre daha iyi (P<0.05) canlı ağırlık artışına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. A grubundaki güvercinlerin diğer gruplara göre daha iyi canlı ağırlık artışına ve yemden yararlanma oranına sahip oldukları, ancak görülen farkın anlamlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir (P>0.05). İlave olarak, guava yaprakları ekstraktı verilen gruptaki hastalıklı güvercinlerde sekonder bakteri enfeksiyonları önlenirken, neem yaprakları ekstraktı verilen gruptaki güvercinlerde, bağışıklık düzeyinde önemli ölçüde artış görülmüştür. Bu gruptaki güvercinlerde diğer gruplarla karşılaştırıldığında ookist sayısı daha düşük bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle güvercinlerde neem yaprakları ekstraktı, koksidiyoz tedavisi için ve profilaktik seviyenin arttırılması için önerilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Güvercin
• Koksidiyoz
• Koksidiostat
• guava ve neem yaprakları

Effects of Some Alternative Plant Extracts Used as Natural Coccidiostat for Pigeons

Öz

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the coccidiostats used in pigeon lofts. A total of 60 disease-free young pigeons of 4 months of age were taken from different areas of Lahore Pakistan and divided into 4 groups A, B, C, and D having 15 birds in each group. The trial was conducted to find out the comparative chemotherapeutic efficacy of extract of leaves of neem in group A, crude extract of leaves of guava in group B, anticoccidial drug in group C, group D remained control group. The results depicted that the birds of non-infected groups had better (P<0.05) weight gain as compared to the treated groups. The pigeons of group A had better weight gain and feed conversion ratio as compared to other groups but the difference between the groups was non-significant (P>0.05). Moreover the crude extract of neem leaves boosted the immunity level of diseased pigeons that resulted in reduction of oocyst count while the crude extract of guava leaves prevented the diseased pigeons from getting secondary bacterial infection. Therefore the crude extract of neem leaves can be recommended for the treatment of coccidiosis and also to enhance the prophylactic levels in pigeons.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pigeon
• Coccidiosis
• Coccidiostat
• guava leaves
• neem leaves

Kaynakça

1. Ali, A. (1993). Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India, 1993.
2. Bandyopadhyay, U., Biswas, K., Sengupta, A. (2004). “Clinical studies on the effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer,” Life Sciences, vol. 75, no. 24, pp. 2867–2878, 2004.
3. Baptista L, Trail P, Horblit H. (1992). Family Columbidae (Pigeons and Doves). Pp. 60-243 in J del Hoyo, A Elliott, J Sargatal, eds. Handbook of the Birds of World, Vol. 4. Barcelona Lynx Edicions.
4. Bond , C., Buhl, K., Stone, D. (2012). Neem oil geberal fact sheet. National pesticide information center. Oregon State University Extension Service http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/neemgen.html
5. Chakeravarty A, Parsad J. (1991). Study on effects of neem leaf extract and neem and cake extract on performance of broiler chicks. Ind Poult Advis, 24(9): 37-38.
6. Dimetry, NZ., Amer, SAA. and Reda, A. S. (1993). Biological activity of two neem seed kernel extracts against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch.J. Appl. Ent. 116: 308–312.
7. Durrani, FR., Chand, N., Jan, M., Sultan, A., Durrani, Z., and Akhtar, S. (2008). “Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effects of neem leaves infusion in broiler chicks,” Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, pp. 655–659, 2008.
8. Ebong, PE., Atangwho, IJ., Eyong, EU., and Egbung, GE., (2008). “The antidiabetic efficacy of combined extracts fromtwo continental plants: Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) (Neem) and Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) (African Bitter Leaf),” The American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 239–244, 2008.

9. Eckert J, Braun R, Shirley MW, Coudert P. (1995): Guidelines on techniques in coccidiosis research. Brussels: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Govindachari, TR, Suresh, G, Gopalakrishnan, G, Banumathy, B, and Masilamani, S. (1998). “Identification of antifungal compounds from the seed oil of Azadirachta indica,” Phytoparasitica, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 109–116, 1998.
10. Hodgson JN. (1970). Coccidiosis: oocyst-counting technique for coccidiostat evaluation. Exp Parasitol, 28: 99–102.
11. Hossain, MA., Al-Toubi, WAS., Weli, AM., Al-Riyami, QA., and Al-Sabahi, AN. (2013). “Identification and characterization of chemical compounds in different crude extracts from leaves of Omani neem,” Journal of Taibah University for Science, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 181–188, 2013.
12. Hossain, MA., Shah, MD., and Sakari, M. (2011). “Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of various organic extracts of Merremia borneensis from Sabah,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 637–641, 2011.
13. Kher, A and Chaurasia, SC. (1997). “Antifungal activity of essential oils of three medical plants,” Indian Drugs, vol. 15, pp. 41–42, 1997.
14. Kokate, C., Purohit, AP., and Gokhale, SB. (2010). Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan, Maharashtra, India, 2010.
15. Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Zebisch R, Schmidt V. (2009). Relevance and treatment of coccidiosis in domestic pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) with particular emphasis on tolturazuril. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 23:1-5
16. Lack P. (2003). Pigeons and Doves. Pp. 288-295 in C Perrins, ed. The new Encyclopedia of Birds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Luong K, Dunkel FV, Coulibaly K, Beckage NE. (2012). Potential use of neem leaf slurry as a sustainable dry season management strategy to control the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in west African villages. J Med Entomol 2012; 49(6): 1361-1369. Marin JM, Robert CP. (2007). Bayesian core: a practical approach to computational Bayesian statistics. Springer Science & Business Media.
17. Michalczyk M, Raś-Noryńska M, Sokół R. (2011). Ocena zwalczania toltrazurilem (Baycox) inwazji Eimeria spp. u gołębi pocztowych. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 67: 406-408.
18. Mitra R, Szezypel B, Gonzale AE. (2000). Efficacy of neem oil (A. indica, A. juss) in hens naturally infested with ectoparasites. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Avicola, 24(2): 125-131.
19. Oh W, Lee C, Lee M. (2005). Antidiabetic effects of extracts from Psidium guajava. J. Ethnopharmacol, 96: 411-415.
20. Paul, R., Prasad, M., and Sah, NK. (2011). “Anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica L (neem): a mini review,” Cancer Biology and Therapy, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 467–476, 2011.
21. Pilarczyk B, Balicka-Ramisz A, Ramisz A, Laurans L. (2006). Effects of Baycox coccidiostat on coccidian infection in pigeons. Annals of Animal Sciences, 6:331-336.
22. Sadekar RD, Klote AY, Barmase BS, Desai VF. (1998). Immunopotentiating effects of Azadirachta indica (Neem) dry leaves powder in broiler, naturally infected with IBD virus. Ind J Exp Biol, 36(11):1151-1153.
23. Santiago-Flores L.M. (1977). A manual on some Philippine medicinal plants (preparation of drug materials). Bot. Soc., U. P. 20: 78-82.
24. Singh, N., and Sastry, SM. (1997). “Antimicrobial activity of Neem oil, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 13, pp. 102–106, 1997.
25. Sithisarn, P., Supabphol, R., and Gritsanapan, W. (2005). “Antioxidant activity of Siamese neem tree (VP 1209),” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 109–112, 2005.
26. Soulsby EJL. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th ed. Bailliere Tindall, London.
27. Subapriya RGD, Nagini S. (2005). Medicinal properties of neem leaves: A review. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents, 5(2): 149-6.
28. Sultana, B., Anwar, F., and Przybylski, R. (2007). “Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, andEugenia jambolana Lam. trees,” Food Chemistry, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 1106–1114, 2007.
29. Szeleszczuk P. (1995). Praktyczne uwagi na temat terapii i profilaktyki chorob golebi domowych. Magazyn Weterynaryjny, 4: 25-30.
30. Tipu MA, Pasha TN, Zulfaqar A. (2002). Comparative effect of salinomycin sodium and neem fruit (A. indica) as feed additive anticoccidials in broilers. Int J Poult Sci, 1(4): 91-93.
31. Van Reeth K, Vercruysse J. (1993). Efficacy of toltrazuril against experimental infections with Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum in racing pigeons. Avian Disease 37:218-21.
32. Vercruysse J. (1990). Efficacy of toltrazuril and clazuril against experimental infections with Eimeria labbeana and E. columbarum in racing pigeons. Avian Diseases 34: 73-79.
33. Youn HJ, Noh JW. (2001). Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella. Veterinary Parasitology, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00385-5