“Eat-Pray-Love Tourism” as a New Transformative Tourism Trend: A Theoretical Model Proposal

Öz

This study is based on the book “Eat Pray Love”, which was published as a book in 2006 and reached a sales volume of more than 8 million, then was released as a movie in 2010 and sold more than 10 million. The book, in which the writer Elizabeth Gilbert wrote about her travels to Italy, India and Indonesia and her inner journey she experienced during this trip, has been shown among the tourism trends of 2022, based on the gastronomic and touristic experiences she has revealed. In this study, the emergence of the philosophy of “Eat-Pray-Love”, its place in touristic travels and its future in terms of tourism researches are discussed, based on the method of systematic literature review. In this context, a new theoretical model proposal for future tourism oriented academic research has been suggested based on the transformative tourism approach, which constitutes the conceptual infrastructure of the “Eat-Pray-Love” tourism trend. As a result, a model has been proposed in which the theoretical and operational outputs of liminality (Eat), peak experience (Pray) and behavioral change (Love) can be discussed in the context of gastronomic experience, transformative tourism experience and well-being variables.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eat-Pray-Love; Tourism
• Transformative Tourism
• Gastronomy
• Wellbeing

Yeni Bir Dönüştürücü Turizm Trendi Olarak “Ye-Dua Et-Sev Turizmi”: Kuramsal Bir Model Önerisi

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2006 yılında kitap olarak basılan ve 8 milyonun üzerinde satış hacmine ulaşan, ardından 2010 yılında sinema filmi olarak vizyona girerek 10 milyondan fazla satılan Ye-Dua Et-Sev kitabından hareketle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yazar Elizabeth Gilbert’in İtalya, Hindistan ve Endonezya’ya yaptığı seyahati ve bu seyahat boyunca deneyimlediği içsel yolculuğuna ilişkin anılarını kaleme aldığı kitabı, ortaya çıkarmış olduğu gastronomik ve turistik deneyimlerden hareketle 2022 yılı turizm trendleri arasında gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada sistematik alanyazın derlemesi yönteminden hareketle Ye-Dua Et-Sev felsefesinin ortaya çıkışı, turistik seyahatlerdeki yeri ve turizm araştırmaları açısından geleceği ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen derleme bulguları ve Ye-Dua Et-Sev turizm trendinin kavramsal altyapısını oluşturan dönüştürücü turizm yaklaşımından hareketle gelecekteki turizm temelli çeşitli akademik araştırmalar için yeni bir model önerisi sunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak gastronomik deneyim, dönüştürücü turizm deneyimi ve iyi oluş değişkenleri çerçevesinde eşiktelik (Ye), doruk deneyim (Dua Et) ve davranışsal değişiklik (Sev) safhalarını içeren turizm trendinin teorik ve operasyonel çıktılarının tartışılabileceği bir model ileri sürülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ye-Dua Et-Sev; Turizm; Dönüştürücü Turizm
• Gastronomi
• İyi Oluş

Kaynakça

1. Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., ve Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and Associated Psychological Problems. Asian J. Psychiatry 51, 1–7.
2. Aktaş-Polat, S. (2015). Turistlerin Tatil Dönemlerinde Sergiledikleri Liminoid Davranışlar. Sosyoekonomi, 23(26), 99-118.
3. Aydın, B., Arıca, R., ve Arslantürk, Y. (2021). The Effect of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Yasar University, 16(61), 378-392.
4. Badone, E. (2016). Eat, Pray, Love and Tourism Imaginaries. Constructions of Self and Other. L. G. Beaman, ve S. Sikka (Eds.). Yoga, Travel, and Tourism içinde (ss. 37-43). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
5. Bell, C. (2019). The New Age Tourism Brand-Wagon in Ubud, Bali: Eat Pay Love! South Asian Research Journal of Arts, Language and Literature, 1(3), 74-82.
6. Bilge, Y. ve Taşçı, F. (2020). Ölüm Anksiyetesi, Varoluşsal Boşluk ve Otantiklik, (E. Sarıkaya ed.). Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimlerde Teori ve Araştırmalar içinde. Gece Kitaplığı, Ankara.
7. Bodrud-Doza, M., Shammi, M., Bahlman, L., Islam, A. R. M., ve Rahman, M. (2020). Psychosocial and Socio-economic Crisis in Bangladesh due to COVID19 Pandemic: A Perception-Based Assessment. Front. Public Health 8, 341.
8. Brooks, C. ve Soulard, J. (2022). Contested Authentication: The Impact of Event Cancellation on Transformative Experiences, Existential Authenticity at Burning Man. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103412.

9. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Rubin, G., C. (2020). The Pychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet 395, 912–920.
10. Brown, L. (2013). Tourism: A Catalyst for Existential Authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 40, 176–190.
11. Bruce, C. S. (1994). Research Students' Early Experiences of the Dissertation Literature Review. Studies in Higher Education, 19(2), 217-229.
12. Bueddefeld, J., ve Duerden, M. D. (2022). The Transformative Tourism Learning Model. Annals of Tourism Research, 94, 103405.
13. Cerami, C., Santi, G. C., Galandra, C., Dodich, A., Cappa, S. F., Vecchi, T. ve Crespi, C. (2020). Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy: Are We Ready for the Psychosocial and the Economic Crisis? Baseline Findings from the PsyCovid Study. Front. Psychiatry, 11, 556.
14. Christie, M. F., ve Mason, P. A. (2003). Transformative Tour Guiding: Training Tour Guides to Be Critically Reflective Practitioners. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(1), 1-16.
15. Coghlan, A., ve Gooch, M. (2011). Applying a Transformative Learning Framework to Volunteer Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(6), 713-728.
16. Coghlan, A., ve Weiler, B. (2018). Examining Transformative Processes in Volunteer Tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(5), 567-582.
17. Dave, F. (2013). A Review of Elizabeth Gilbert's Eat, Pray, Love and the Portrayal of Sex and Sexuality. J. Marich (Ed.). The Psychology of Women: Diverse Perspectives from the Modern World içinde (ss. 67-72).* N*ova Science Publishers Inc.
18. Demir, M., Demir, Ş. Ş., Ergen, F. D., ve Dalgıç, A. (2021). Covid-19 Sürecinde Tüketicilerin Otel Seçimini Etkileyen Faktörler. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7(1), 82-94.
19. Diener (1984). Subjective Well-Being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
20. Diener, E. (1994). Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities. Social indicators research, 31(2), 103-157.
21. Duan, L., ve Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological Interventions for People Affected by the COVID-19 Epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry 7, 300–302.
22. Foote, K., E., ve Azaryahu, M. (2009). Sense of Place. (R. Ktchin ve N. Thrift Eds.) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography içinde. (ss. 96). Elsevier Science.
23. Fu, X., Liu, X., Li, H., Wang, Y., ve Li, Z. (2022). Creating a Balanced Family Travel Experience: A Perspective from the Motivation-Activities-Transformative Learning Chain. Tourism Management Perspectives, 41, 100941.
24. Gilbert, E. (2008). Ye, Dua Et, Sev. Pegasus Yayınları.
25. Gnoth, J., ve Matteucci, X. (2014). A Phenomenological View of the Behavioural Tourism Research Literature. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(1), 3-21.
26. Goggin, J. (2016). Eat, Pray, Love: Expanding Adaptations and Global Tourism. J. Wildfeuer ve J. A. Bateman (Eds.). Film Text Analysis içinde (ss. 169-186). Routledge.
27. Güler, O., ve Haseki, M. I. (2021). Positive Psychological Impacts of Cooking during the COVID-19 Lockdown Period: a Qualitative Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 635957.
28. Harrill, R., Cardenas, D. A., ve Dioko, L. D. (2022). Travel, Transformation, and Enlightenment in Film: A Critical Review. Current Issues in Method and Practıce, 25(16), 2557-2570.
29. Hughes, B. (2019). Stuff the Turkey! An Investigation of Food, Language and Performative Identity Construction in Eat Pray Love., G. Balirano ve S. Guzzo (Eds.). In Food Across Cultures içinde (pp. 99-125). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
30. İlgar, M. Z. ve İlgar, S. C. (2019). Varoluşçu Psikolojik Danışma ve Psikoterapi: Teori ve Pratiği. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23(1), 193-220.
31. Kale, A. ve Akmaz, A. (2020). İnanç Turizmi. A. Olcay (Ed.) Alternatif Turizm içinde. Gazi Kitabevi: Ankara.
32. Kale, A., Güler, O. ve Şimşek, N. (2022). COVID-19 Tedbirleri Sonrası Yerli Turistlerin Tatil Tercihleri ve Beklentileri Üzerine Bir Durum Araştırması. Journal of Gastronomy Hospitality and Travel. 5(3), 1056-1072.
33. Kelley, C. (2011). Reviewing Literature and Formulating Problems. C. F. Conrad ve R. C. Serlin (Eds.). The SAGE Handbook for Research in Education. Pursuing Ideas as the Keystone of Exemplarary Inquiry içinde. (ss. 83-91). Sage: Londra
34. Kızıltepe, Z. (2021) Alanyazın Derlemesi Nedir? Niçin Alanyazın Derlemesi Yazarız?. F. N. Seggie ve Y. Bayyurt (eds.). Nitel Araştırma Yöntem, Teknik, Analiz ve Yaklaşımları (3 Baskı.) içinde. Anı Yayıncılık: Ankara.
35. Kim, S., Suri, G., ve Park, E. (2018). Changes in Local Residents’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards the Impact of Film Tourism: The Case of Eat Pray Love (EPL) Film Tourism in Ubud, Bali. S. Kim, ve S. Reijnders (eds.). Film Tourism in Asia içinde (ss. 125-138). Springer, Singapore.
36. Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., ve Cai, L. (2017a). What triggers Transformative Tourism Experiences?. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(4), 498-511.
37. Kirillova, K., Lehto, X. Y., ve Cai, L. (2017b). Existential Authenticity and Anxiety as Outcomes: The Tourist in the Experience Economy. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(1), 13-26.
38. Kirillova, K., Lehto, X. Y., ve Cai, L. (2017c). Tourism and Existential Transformation: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 638-650.
39. Larasati, R. Diyah (2010). Eat, Pray, Love Mimic: Female Citizenship and Otherness. South Asian Popular Culture, 8(1), 89–95.
40. Lin, J. (2017). Food Consumption of Chinese Outbound Tourists in Spain (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi). İspanya: University of Girona.
41. Malota, E., ve Mucsi, A. (2021). Tasting a New Culture: Adjustment to a Foreign Culture through Traditional Local Cuisine. Food, Culture & Society, 1-21.
42. Maslow A. 1971. The Furthest Reaches of Human Nature. Viking Press: New York.
43. Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B. ve Yang, H. (2020). Analyze the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among the Elderly Population in China and Make Corresponding Suggestions. Psychiatry Res. 289, 112983.
44. Mezirow, J. ve Taylor W., W. (2009). Transformative Learning in Practice: İnsights from Community. Workplace and Higher Education. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.
45. Okuyucu, A., ve Somuncu, M. (2013). Türkiye’de İnanç Turizmi: Bugünkü Durum, Sorunlar ve Gelecek. International Conference on Religious Tourism and Tolerance içinde, 9(12), ss.627-643.
46. Olivier, B. (2012). The Pleasure of Food, and the Spiritual: Eat, Pray, Love and Babette's Feast. Journal of Literary Studies, 28(1), 21-39.
47. Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Dosil Santamaría, M., ve Picaza Gorrotxategi, M. (2020). Psychological Symptoms during the Two Stages of Lockdown in Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Investigation in a Sample of Citizens in Northern Spain. Front. Psychol. 11, 1491.
48. Özçelik, Ö. M., ve Ömüriş, E. (2020). Dönüşümsel Seyahat: Kaçkar Dağları Milli Parkı Örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(2), 172-182.
49. Pala, T., ve Çetin, G. (2022). Exploring Transformative Travel Experiences: The Case of Turkish Travelers. Tourism & Management Studies, 18(2).
50. Park, E. (2018). The Impacts of Film Tourism on Place Change and Tourist Experience: A Lesson from Eat Pray Love in Bali, Indonesia. S. Kim, ve S. Reijnders (eds.). Film Tourism in Asia içinde (ss. 107-123). Springer, Singapore.
51. Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Voitsidis, P., Blekas, A., Gliatas, I., Porfyri, G. N…. Diakogiannis, I., (2020). Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic In Greece. Front. Psychiatry 11, 821.
52. Pocock, N., ve McIntosh, A. (2013). Long-Term Travellers Return,‘Home’?. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 402-424.
53. Pomfret, G. (2006). Mountaineering Adventure Tourists: A Conceptual Framework for Research, Tourism Management, 27(1), 113-123.
54. Pung, J., ve Chiappa, G. (2020). An Exploratory and Qualitative Study on the Meaning of Transformative Tourism and Its Facilitators and Inhibitors. European Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 2404.
55. Pung, J. M., Gnoth, J., ve Del Chiappa, G. (2020). Tourist Transformation: Towards a Conceptual Model. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 1-12.
56. Pung, J. M., Yung, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C., ve Del Chiappa, G. (2020). Transformative Travel Experiences and Gender: A Double Duoethnography Approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(5), 538-558.
57. Punzon, J., G. (2021).* Empowering Destinations after-Covid. Boosting Confidence through the sdGs Application and the ‘Glocal᾿ Development. Turismo y Sociedad. 29, 333-347. *
58. Putcha, R. S. (2020). After Eat, Pray, Love: Tourism, Orientalism, and Cartographies of Salvation. Tourist Studies, 20(4), 1-17.
59. Reisinger, Y. (2013). Transformational Tourism: Tourist Perspectives . Wallingford: CABI.
60. Richardson, N., ve Insch, A. (2021). Enabling Transformative Experiences through Nature-Based Tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 1-8.
61. Robinson, D. (2021). Rural Food and Wine Tourism in Canada’s South Okanagan Valley: Transformations for Food Sovereignty?. Sustainability, 13(4), 1808.
62. Robledo, M. A., ve Batle, J. (2017). Transformational Tourism as a Hero's Journey. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1736-1748.
63. Rodríguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., ve Collado, S. (2020). Psychological Impact and Associated Factors during the İnitial Stage of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic among the General Population in Spain. Front. Psychol. 11, 1540.
64. Ross, S. L. (2010). Transformative Travel: An Enjoyable Way to Foster Radical Change, Revision, 32 (1), 54-61.
65. Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., … Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health among the General Pulation in Italy. Front. Psychiatry 11, 790.
66. Ryan, R. M., ve Deci, E. L. (2001). On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141.
67. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069.
68. Ryff, C. D., ve Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The Sructure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719.
69. Salur, B. (2021). Modernlik Eleştirisi Olarak Varoluşçu Felsefede Otantiklik. ETHOS: Felsefe ve Toplumsal Bilimlerde Diyaloglar. 14(2), 1-28.
70. Sawyer, N. (2015). 11 Things You Didn't Know About 'Eat Pray Love' Author Elizabeth Gilbert. Erişim Adresi: https\://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/11-things-eat-pray-love-author-elizabeth-, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2022.
71. Teoh, M. W., Wang, Y., ve Kwek, A. (2021). Conceptualising Co-Created Transformative Tourism Experiences: A Systematic Narrative Review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 176-189.
72. Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., ve Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207-222.
73. Turner, V. (1974), Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors Symbolic Action in Human Society, New York: Cornell University Press.
74. Turner, V. (1979). Frame, Flow and Reflection: Ritual and Drama as Public Liminality. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 6(4), 465-499.
75. Turner, V., ve Abrahams, R. D. (2017). The Ritual Process: Structure And Anti-Structure. Routledge.
76. Türker, N. (2016). Religious Tourism in Turkey. Alternative Tourism in Turkey içinde. (ss. 151- 172). Springer International Publishing.
77. Vidickienė, D., Gedminaite-Raudone, Z., Vilke, R., Chmielinski, P., ve Zobena, A. (2021). Barriers to Start and Develop Transformative Ecotourism Business. European Countryside, 13(4), 734-749.
78. Voigt, C., Howat, G., ve Brown, G. (2010). Hedonic and Eudaimonic Experiences among Wellness Tourists: An Exploratory Enquiry. Annals of Leisure Research, 13(3), 541-562.
79. Von Wright, J. (1992). Reflections on Reflection. Learning and Instruction, 2(1), 59-68.
80. Wachyuni, S. S., ve Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic: How Are the Future Tourist Behavior. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 33(4), 67-76.
81. Walter, P. G. (2016). Catalysts for Transformative Learning in Community-Based Ecotourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(13), 1356-1371.
82. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., Ho, C., S., (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronaviurs Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
83. Waterman, A. S. (2005). When Effort is Enjoyed: Two Studies of Intrinsic Motivation for Personally Salient Activities. Motivation and Emotion, 29(3), 165-188.
84. Williams, R. (2011). Eat, Pray, Love: Producing the Female Neoliberal Spiritual Subject. The Journal of Popular Culture, 3(2), 613-633.
85. www\.APA.org (2022). Erişim Adresi: https\://dictionary.apa.org/peak-experience, Erişim Tarihi: 07.10.2022.
86. www\.getyourguide.com, Erişim Adresi: https\://www\.getyourguide.com/bali-l347/ubud-hippie-tour-yoga-fortune-telling-and-organic-food-t164055/Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2022.
87. www\.flypgs.com, Erişim Adresi: https\://www\.flypgs.com/2020-seyahat-trendleri, Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2022.
88. www\.missafir.com, Erişim Adresi: https\://www\.missafir.com/2022-seyahat-trendleri/Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2022
89. www\.viator.com Erişim Adresi: https\://media.tacdn.com/media/attractions-splice-spp-674x446/09/d1/62/bb.jpg, Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2022.
90. www\.villalaestancia.com, Erişim Adresi: https\://rivieranayarit.villalaestancia.com/blog/news/new-trends-in-travel-and-tourism, Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2022
91. Veri Tabanları İnternet Uzantı Adresleri:
92. Emerald: *https\://www\.emerald.com/insight/search?q=eat+pray+love
93. ScienceDirect:*https\://www\.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=eat%20pray%20love&articleTypes=FLA%2CCH%2CREV&lastSelectedFacet=articleTypes
94. Scopus:*https\://www\.scopus.com/results/results.uri?sort=plff&src=s&st1=eat+pray+love&nlo=&nlr=&nls=&sid=3c1b9afea0c36e0ed5933380ccc5d38f&sot=b&sdt=cl&cluster=scosubtype%2c%22ar%22%2ct%2c%22ch%22%2ct%2c%22re%22%2ct&sl=18&s=ALL%28eat+pray+love%29&origin=resultslist&zone=leftSideBar&editSaveSearch=&txGid=85bc59cff8c1d25112268f59870967ff
95. Web of Science:* https\://www\.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/summary/38996a06-fa28-43b2-a492-e245500021b8-4e8b4523/relevance/1