A “pandemic“ refers to an extensive outbreak of disease affecting a large population across a wide geographic area. Various factors have been linked to pandemics throughout history. Since March 2019, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has had detrimental effects on children’s development, nutrition, care, vaccination, safety, mental health, and education. Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s health is crucial for implementing effective measures. It is essential to ensure the continuity of child health services during extraordinary situations such as pandemics to prevent disruptions in child development. This article aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s health and underscore the preventive measures that need to be implemented.
Kelly H. The classical definition of a pandemic is not elusive. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89(7):540-1. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. Available from: https:// www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/ss1978.pdf google scholar
Ateş E, Aksoy F. Pandemi ve tarihçesi. Set T, editör. Aile Hekimliği ve COVID-19 Pandemisi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.1-4. google scholar
World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 16 March 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/ publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---16-march-2023 google scholar
World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Schools. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-schools google scholar
Çuhacı Çakır B, Duyan Çamurdan A. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde çocuk sağlığı izlemi uygulamaları. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.1-6. google scholar
UNICEF. The Impact of COVID-19 on children. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/turkey/en/documents/impact-covid-19-children google scholar
Kyeremateng R, Oguda L, Asemota O; International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health (ISSOP) COVID-19 Working Group. COVID-19 pandemic: health inequities in children and youth. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107(3):297-9. google scholar
Khetrapal S, Bhatia R.Indian J Med Res. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health system & Sustainable Development Goal 3. 2020;151(5):395-9. google scholar
World Health Organization. Healthy diet. Available from: https:// www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet google scholar
World Health Organization. Guiding principles for feeding infants and young children during emergencies. Geneva; 2004. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241546069 google scholar
Kimberlin DW, Puopolo KM. Breast Milk and COVID-19: What Do We Know? Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(1):131-2. google scholar
Gokcay G, Keskindermirci G. Breastmilk and Covid-19. J Ist Faculty Med. 2020;83(3):286-90. google scholar
World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and COVID-19. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/ detail/breastfeeding-and-covid-19 google scholar
Latorre G, Martinelli D, Guida P, Masi E, De Benedictis R, Maggio L. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on exclusive breastfeeding in non-infected mothers. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16(1):36. google scholar
Koleilat M, Whaley SE, Clapp C. The Impact of COVID-19 on Breastfeeding Rates in a Low-Income Population. Breastfeed Med. 2022;17(1):33-37. google scholar
Nalbantoğlu A, Nalbantoğlu B, Gökçay G. Covid-19 Enfeksiyonu Seyrinde Annelerin Emzirme ve Anne Sütü Hakkında Bilgi ve Tutumları. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi. 2020;8(3):314-20. google scholar
Kunjumon B, Wachtel EV, Lumba R, Quan M, Remon J, Louie M, et al. Breast Milk and Breastfeeding of Infants Born to SARS-CoV-2 Positive Mothers: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38(11):1209-16. google scholar
Peng S, Zhu H, Yang L, Cao L, Huang X, Dynes M, et al. A study of breastfeeding practices, SARS-CoV-2 and its antibodies in the breast milk of mothers confirmed with COVID-19. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;4:100045. google scholar
Centeno-Tablante E, Medina-Rivera M, Finkelstein JL, Rayco-Solon P, Garcia-Casal MN, Rogers L, et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021;1484(1):32-54. google scholar
Karabayır N, Sapmaz S, Gökcay G. COVID-19 ve Anne Sütü ile Beslenme. Çocuk Dergisi. 2020;20(2):72-5. google scholar
Karabayır N. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde süt çocuğu beslenmesi ve anne sütü. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.14-9. google scholar
Zar HJ, Dawa J, Fischer GB, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Challenges of COVID-19 in children in low- and middle-income countries. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;35:70-4. google scholar
Sosyal Pediatri Derneği. COVID salgınında okul çocuğunun sağlığı. Erişim: http://www.sosyalpediatri.org.tr/covid-salgininda-okul-cocugunun-sagligi-96423.html google scholar
Lubrano R, Villani A, Berrettini S, Caione P, Chiara A, Costantino A, et al. Point of view of the Italians pediatric scientific societies about the pediatric care during the COVID-19 lockdown: what has changed and future prospects for restarting. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46(1):142. google scholar
Salas J, Hinyard L, Cappellari A, Sniffen K, Jacobs C, Karius N, et al. Infant, pediatric and adult well visit trends before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):328. google scholar
Pritchard-Jones K, de C V Abib S, Esiashvili N, Kaspers GJL, Rosser J, Van Doorninck JA, et al. The threat of the COVID-19 pandemic on reversing global life-saving gains in the survival of childhood cancer: a call for collaborative action from SIOP, IPSO, PROS, WCC, CCI, St Jude Global, UICC and WHPCA. Ecancermedicalscience. 2021;15:1187. google scholar
Anjana Bhat. Analysis of the SPARK study COVID-19 parent survey: Early impact of the pandemic on access to services, child/ parent mental health, and benefits of online services. Autism Res. 2021;14(11):2454-70. google scholar
WHO Global Observatory for eHealth. Telemedicine: opportunities and developments in Member States: report on the second global survey on eHealth. World Health Organization; 2010. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44497 google scholar
Monaghesh E, Hajizadeh A. The role of telehealth during COVID-19 outbreak: a systematic review based on current evidence. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1193. google scholar
Angoff HD, Dial LA, State F, Varga AV, Kamath S, Musher-Eizenman D. Impact of stress and decision fatigue on parenting practices related to food and physical activity during COVID-19. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):911-6. google scholar
World Health Organization. COVID-19 vaccines. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines google scholar
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 google scholar
World Health Organization. From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic. Geneva; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-WHE-SPP-2023.1 google scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics. Children and COVID-19 vaccinations trends. Available from: https://downloads.aap. org/AAP/PDF/Child%20Vaccinations%20Report%20US%20 Cumulative%20and%20Weekly%205.3.2023.pdf google scholar
Mutlu, D, Keskindemirci G, Gökçay EG. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde çocukluk çağı aşı uygulamaları. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.7-13. google scholar
Dinleyici EC, Borrow R, Safadi MAP, van Damme P, Munoz FM. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(2):400-7. google scholar
Ota MOC, Badur S, Romano-Mazzotti L, Friedland LR. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):2286-97. google scholar
Chandir S, Siddiqi DA, Mehmood M, Setayesh H, Siddique M, Mirza A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic response on uptake of routine immunizations in Sindh, Pakistan: An analysis of provincial electronic immunization registry data. Vaccine. 2020;38(45):7146-55. google scholar
Mansour Z, Arab J, Said R, Rady A, Hamadeh R, Gerbaka B, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the utilization of routine immunization services in Lebanon. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0246951. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Global measles outbreaks. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ measles/data/global-measles-outbreaks.html google scholar
Mokhtarinia HR, Torkamani MH, Farmani O, Biglarian A, Gabel CP. Smartphone addiction in children: patterns of use and musculoskeletal discomfort during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):681. google scholar
Wang W, Zhu L, Zheng S, Ji Y, Xiang Y, Lv B, et al. Survey on the Progression of Myopia in Children and Adolescents in Chongqing During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;9:646770. google scholar
Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M, et al. Digital Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk for a Further Myopia Boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;223:333-7. google scholar
Chen F, Zheng D, Liu j, Gong Y, Guan Z, Lou D. Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:36-8. google scholar
Ma L, Mazidi M, Li K, Li Y, Chen S, Kirwan R, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;293:78-89. google scholar
Varengue R, Brochard S, Bouvier S, Bailly R, Houx L, Lempereur M, et al. Perceived impact of lockdown on daily life in children with physical disabilities and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):942-55. google scholar
Gatell-Carbo A, Alcover-Bloch E, Balaguer-Martmez JV, Perez-Porcuna T, Esteller-Carceller M, Âlvarez-Garcia P, et al. State of child and adolescent mental health during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and at the beginning of the 2020-2021 school year. An Pediatr. 2021;95(5):354-63. google scholar
Nicoli I, Spinelli M, Lionetti F, Logrieco MG, Fasolo M. Protective and risk activities for emotional and behavioural well-being of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):895-900. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Global Orphanhood Associated with COVID-19. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ globalhealth/covid-19/orphanhood/index.html google scholar
Hillis S, N’konzi JN, Msemburi W, Cluver L, Villaveces A, Flaxman S, et al. Orphanhood and Caregiver Loss Among Children Based on New Global Excess COVID-19 Death Estimates. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;e223157. google scholar
UNICEF. How parents can support their child through COVID-19 losses. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/how-parents-can-support-their-child-through-covid-19-losses google scholar
Yılmaz Öztorun Z, Kondolot M. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde ebeveynlik: çocukların ruh sağlığını koruma, psikolojik dayanıklılığını güçlendirme. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.32-6. google scholar
Viner RM, Russell SJ, Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C, et al. School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):397-404. google scholar
Rajmil L, Hjern A, Boran P, Gunnlaugsson G, Kraus de Camargo O, Raman S; International Society for Social Pediatrics & Child Health (ISSOP) and International Network for Research on Inequalities in Child Health (INRICH) COVID-19 Working Group. Impact of lockdown and school closure on children’s health and well-being during the first wave of COVID-19: a narrative review. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021;5:e001043. google scholar
Ezeoke OM, Kanaley MK, Brown DA, Negris OR, Das R, Lombard LS, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on adolescent wellness in Chicago. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):886-90. google scholar
Siebach MK, Piedimonte G, Ley SH. COVID-19 in childhood: Transmission, clinical presentation, complications and risk factors. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(6):1342-56. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Schools, Child care, and Colleges. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/index.html google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Operational Guidance for K-12 Schools and Early Care and Education Programs to Support Safe In-Person Learning. Available from: https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-childcare-guidance.html google scholar
Kyeremateng R, Lynch MA, Pinzon-Segura MC, Osei-Bonsu A, Fortmann J, Wood D; International Society for Social Pediatrics (ISSOP) Voices of Children Working Group. What the children tell us: the COVID-19 pandemic and how the world should respond. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2022;6:e001481. google scholar
Kelly H. The classical definition of a pandemic is not elusive. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89(7):540-1. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. Available from: https:// www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/ss1978.pdf google scholar
Ateş E, Aksoy F. Pandemi ve tarihçesi. Set T, editör. Aile Hekimliği ve COVID-19 Pandemisi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.1-4. google scholar
World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 16 March 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/ publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---16-march-2023 google scholar
World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Schools. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-schools google scholar
Çuhacı Çakır B, Duyan Çamurdan A. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde çocuk sağlığı izlemi uygulamaları. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.1-6. google scholar
UNICEF. The Impact of COVID-19 on children. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/turkey/en/documents/impact-covid-19-children google scholar
Kyeremateng R, Oguda L, Asemota O; International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health (ISSOP) COVID-19 Working Group. COVID-19 pandemic: health inequities in children and youth. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107(3):297-9. google scholar
Khetrapal S, Bhatia R.Indian J Med Res. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health system & Sustainable Development Goal 3. 2020;151(5):395-9. google scholar
World Health Organization. Healthy diet. Available from: https:// www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet google scholar
World Health Organization. Guiding principles for feeding infants and young children during emergencies. Geneva; 2004. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241546069 google scholar
Kimberlin DW, Puopolo KM. Breast Milk and COVID-19: What Do We Know? Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(1):131-2. google scholar
Gokcay G, Keskindermirci G. Breastmilk and Covid-19. J Ist Faculty Med. 2020;83(3):286-90. google scholar
World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and COVID-19. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/ detail/breastfeeding-and-covid-19 google scholar
Latorre G, Martinelli D, Guida P, Masi E, De Benedictis R, Maggio L. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on exclusive breastfeeding in non-infected mothers. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16(1):36. google scholar
Koleilat M, Whaley SE, Clapp C. The Impact of COVID-19 on Breastfeeding Rates in a Low-Income Population. Breastfeed Med. 2022;17(1):33-37. google scholar
Nalbantoğlu A, Nalbantoğlu B, Gökçay G. Covid-19 Enfeksiyonu Seyrinde Annelerin Emzirme ve Anne Sütü Hakkında Bilgi ve Tutumları. Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi. 2020;8(3):314-20. google scholar
Kunjumon B, Wachtel EV, Lumba R, Quan M, Remon J, Louie M, et al. Breast Milk and Breastfeeding of Infants Born to SARS-CoV-2 Positive Mothers: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Am J Perinatol. 2021;38(11):1209-16. google scholar
Peng S, Zhu H, Yang L, Cao L, Huang X, Dynes M, et al. A study of breastfeeding practices, SARS-CoV-2 and its antibodies in the breast milk of mothers confirmed with COVID-19. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;4:100045. google scholar
Centeno-Tablante E, Medina-Rivera M, Finkelstein JL, Rayco-Solon P, Garcia-Casal MN, Rogers L, et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2021;1484(1):32-54. google scholar
Karabayır N, Sapmaz S, Gökcay G. COVID-19 ve Anne Sütü ile Beslenme. Çocuk Dergisi. 2020;20(2):72-5. google scholar
Karabayır N. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde süt çocuğu beslenmesi ve anne sütü. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.14-9. google scholar
Zar HJ, Dawa J, Fischer GB, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Challenges of COVID-19 in children in low- and middle-income countries. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;35:70-4. google scholar
Sosyal Pediatri Derneği. COVID salgınında okul çocuğunun sağlığı. Erişim: http://www.sosyalpediatri.org.tr/covid-salgininda-okul-cocugunun-sagligi-96423.html google scholar
Lubrano R, Villani A, Berrettini S, Caione P, Chiara A, Costantino A, et al. Point of view of the Italians pediatric scientific societies about the pediatric care during the COVID-19 lockdown: what has changed and future prospects for restarting. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46(1):142. google scholar
Salas J, Hinyard L, Cappellari A, Sniffen K, Jacobs C, Karius N, et al. Infant, pediatric and adult well visit trends before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):328. google scholar
Pritchard-Jones K, de C V Abib S, Esiashvili N, Kaspers GJL, Rosser J, Van Doorninck JA, et al. The threat of the COVID-19 pandemic on reversing global life-saving gains in the survival of childhood cancer: a call for collaborative action from SIOP, IPSO, PROS, WCC, CCI, St Jude Global, UICC and WHPCA. Ecancermedicalscience. 2021;15:1187. google scholar
Anjana Bhat. Analysis of the SPARK study COVID-19 parent survey: Early impact of the pandemic on access to services, child/ parent mental health, and benefits of online services. Autism Res. 2021;14(11):2454-70. google scholar
WHO Global Observatory for eHealth. Telemedicine: opportunities and developments in Member States: report on the second global survey on eHealth. World Health Organization; 2010. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44497 google scholar
Monaghesh E, Hajizadeh A. The role of telehealth during COVID-19 outbreak: a systematic review based on current evidence. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1193. google scholar
Angoff HD, Dial LA, State F, Varga AV, Kamath S, Musher-Eizenman D. Impact of stress and decision fatigue on parenting practices related to food and physical activity during COVID-19. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):911-6. google scholar
World Health Organization. COVID-19 vaccines. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines google scholar
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 google scholar
World Health Organization. From emergency response to long-term COVID-19 disease management: sustaining gains made during the COVID-19 pandemic. Geneva; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-WHE-SPP-2023.1 google scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics. Children and COVID-19 vaccinations trends. Available from: https://downloads.aap. org/AAP/PDF/Child%20Vaccinations%20Report%20US%20 Cumulative%20and%20Weekly%205.3.2023.pdf google scholar
Mutlu, D, Keskindemirci G, Gökçay EG. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde çocukluk çağı aşı uygulamaları. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.7-13. google scholar
Dinleyici EC, Borrow R, Safadi MAP, van Damme P, Munoz FM. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(2):400-7. google scholar
Ota MOC, Badur S, Romano-Mazzotti L, Friedland LR. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on routine immunization. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):2286-97. google scholar
Chandir S, Siddiqi DA, Mehmood M, Setayesh H, Siddique M, Mirza A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic response on uptake of routine immunizations in Sindh, Pakistan: An analysis of provincial electronic immunization registry data. Vaccine. 2020;38(45):7146-55. google scholar
Mansour Z, Arab J, Said R, Rady A, Hamadeh R, Gerbaka B, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the utilization of routine immunization services in Lebanon. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0246951. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Global measles outbreaks. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ measles/data/global-measles-outbreaks.html google scholar
Mokhtarinia HR, Torkamani MH, Farmani O, Biglarian A, Gabel CP. Smartphone addiction in children: patterns of use and musculoskeletal discomfort during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):681. google scholar
Wang W, Zhu L, Zheng S, Ji Y, Xiang Y, Lv B, et al. Survey on the Progression of Myopia in Children and Adolescents in Chongqing During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;9:646770. google scholar
Wong CW, Tsai A, Jonas JB, Ohno-Matsui K, Chen J, Ang M, et al. Digital Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk for a Further Myopia Boom? Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;223:333-7. google scholar
Chen F, Zheng D, Liu j, Gong Y, Guan Z, Lou D. Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:36-8. google scholar
Ma L, Mazidi M, Li K, Li Y, Chen S, Kirwan R, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;293:78-89. google scholar
Varengue R, Brochard S, Bouvier S, Bailly R, Houx L, Lempereur M, et al. Perceived impact of lockdown on daily life in children with physical disabilities and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):942-55. google scholar
Gatell-Carbo A, Alcover-Bloch E, Balaguer-Martmez JV, Perez-Porcuna T, Esteller-Carceller M, Âlvarez-Garcia P, et al. State of child and adolescent mental health during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and at the beginning of the 2020-2021 school year. An Pediatr. 2021;95(5):354-63. google scholar
Nicoli I, Spinelli M, Lionetti F, Logrieco MG, Fasolo M. Protective and risk activities for emotional and behavioural well-being of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):895-900. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Global Orphanhood Associated with COVID-19. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ globalhealth/covid-19/orphanhood/index.html google scholar
Hillis S, N’konzi JN, Msemburi W, Cluver L, Villaveces A, Flaxman S, et al. Orphanhood and Caregiver Loss Among Children Based on New Global Excess COVID-19 Death Estimates. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;e223157. google scholar
UNICEF. How parents can support their child through COVID-19 losses. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/how-parents-can-support-their-child-through-covid-19-losses google scholar
Yılmaz Öztorun Z, Kondolot M. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde ebeveynlik: çocukların ruh sağlığını koruma, psikolojik dayanıklılığını güçlendirme. Çöl N, editör. COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Koruyucu Çocuk Sağlığı Uygulamaları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2021. p.32-6. google scholar
Viner RM, Russell SJ, Croker H, Packer J, Ward J, Stansfield C, et al. School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):397-404. google scholar
Rajmil L, Hjern A, Boran P, Gunnlaugsson G, Kraus de Camargo O, Raman S; International Society for Social Pediatrics & Child Health (ISSOP) and International Network for Research on Inequalities in Child Health (INRICH) COVID-19 Working Group. Impact of lockdown and school closure on children’s health and well-being during the first wave of COVID-19: a narrative review. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021;5:e001043. google scholar
Ezeoke OM, Kanaley MK, Brown DA, Negris OR, Das R, Lombard LS, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on adolescent wellness in Chicago. Child Care Health Dev. 2022;48(6):886-90. google scholar
Siebach MK, Piedimonte G, Ley SH. COVID-19 in childhood: Transmission, clinical presentation, complications and risk factors. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(6):1342-56. google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Schools, Child care, and Colleges. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/index.html google scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Operational Guidance for K-12 Schools and Early Care and Education Programs to Support Safe In-Person Learning. Available from: https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/k-12-childcare-guidance.html google scholar
Kyeremateng R, Lynch MA, Pinzon-Segura MC, Osei-Bonsu A, Fortmann J, Wood D; International Society for Social Pediatrics (ISSOP) Voices of Children Working Group. What the children tell us: the COVID-19 pandemic and how the world should respond. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2022;6:e001481. google scholar
Bostan Gayret, Ö., & Gökçay, G. (2024). The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health. Çocuk Dergisi, 24(1), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1280141
AMA
Bostan Gayret Ö, Gökçay G. The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health. Çocuk Dergisi. Mayıs 2024;24(1):61-67. doi:10.26650/jchild.2024.1280141
Chicago
Bostan Gayret, Özlem, ve Gülbin Gökçay. “The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health”. Çocuk Dergisi 24, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2024): 61-67. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1280141.
EndNote
Bostan Gayret Ö, Gökçay G (01 Mayıs 2024) The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health. Çocuk Dergisi 24 1 61–67.
IEEE
Ö. Bostan Gayret ve G. Gökçay, “The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health”, Çocuk Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 1, ss. 61–67, 2024, doi: 10.26650/jchild.2024.1280141.
ISNAD
Bostan Gayret, Özlem - Gökçay, Gülbin. “The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health”. Çocuk Dergisi 24/1 (Mayıs 2024), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2024.1280141.
JAMA
Bostan Gayret Ö, Gökçay G. The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health. Çocuk Dergisi. 2024;24:61–67.
MLA
Bostan Gayret, Özlem ve Gülbin Gökçay. “The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health”. Çocuk Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 61-67, doi:10.26650/jchild.2024.1280141.
Vancouver
Bostan Gayret Ö, Gökçay G. The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Child Health. Çocuk Dergisi. 2024;24(1):61-7.