The Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Adolescent Health

Yıl 2023, , 171 - 178, 30.06.2023

Özlem Ketenci Altıkardeşler , Firdevs Baş

https://doi.org/10.26650/jchild.2023.950386

Öz

Endocrine disrupting chemicals are found in many products such as soaps, shampoos, perfumes, kitchenware, textile materials, plastic bottles and containers, toys, and even foods and drinking water. These chemicals can enter the body through digestion, skin absorption, inhalation, and breast milk, as well as transplacentally. Although restrictions have been placed on the use of some chemicals, exposure continues due to the reintroduction of similar chemicals and the ability of certain chemicals to remain in the environment or in food chains for a long time. Endocrine disruptors can even cause intergenerational effects, and studies have shown them to have negative effects on many bodily systems. Hormonerelated cancers such as of the breast and prostate, as well as diabetes, obesity, precocious puberty, hormone level changes, being prone to infections, autoimmune diseases, asthma, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and learning difficulties, are some of the negative health consequences they cause. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of certain endocrine disorders and cancers, and their increase over the years has drawn attention to how exposure to endocrine disruptors contributes to this situation. This review article examines the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phytoestrogens, bisphenol A, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on adolescent health in light of current studies. Taking precautions regarding exposure levels will help reduce the negative effects these chemicals have on adolescent health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Endocrine Disruptors, Adolescent Health, Hormones, Exposure

Endokrin Bozucuların Ergen Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Endokrin bozucu kimyasallar günlük yaşamda kullanılan sabun,şampuan, parfüm gibi kişisel bakım ürünleri, mutfak gereçleri, tekstil malzemeleri, plastik şişe ve kaplar, oyuncaklar gibi birçok üründe, hatta gıdalar ve içme sularında yer almaktadır. Bu kimyasalların vücuda girişi sindirim, ciltten emilim, inhalasyon, anne sütü ve transplasental yolla olabilmektedir. Her ne kadar bazı kimyasalların kullanımına kısıtlama getirilmiş olsa da benzer kimyasalların yeniden piyasaya sürülmesi, bazı kimyasalların ise çevrede veya besin zincirlerinde uzun süre kalma yetenekleri dolayısıyla maruziyet devam etmektedir. Kuşaklar arası etkilere dahi sebep olan endokrin bozucuların vücutta birçok sistem üzerinde olumsuz etkilerinin olduğu yapılan çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Meme, prostat gibi hormon ilişkili kanserler, diyabet, obezite, erken puberte, hormon düzey değişiklikleri, infeksiyonlara eğilim, otoimmun hastalıklar, astım, dikkat eksikliği-hiperaktivite bozukluğu ve öğrenme güçlüğü yol açtığı olumsuz sağlık sonuçlarından bazılarıdır. Gelişiminde genetik ve çevresel faktörlerin birlikte rol aldığı bazı endokrin hastalıklar ve kanserlerde yıllar içerisinde görülen artış, endokrin bozuculara maruziyetin bu duruma katkısı olduğuna dikkat çekmektedir. Bu derlemede fitoöstrojenler, bisfenol A, fitalatlar, perflor gruplu kimyasallar (PFAS) , dioksinler ve poliklorlu bifeniller (PCB) gibi endokrin bozucu kimyasalların ergen sağlığı üzerinde oluşturacağı etkiler güncel çalışmalar eşliğinde incelenmiştir. Temasa yönelik önlemlerin alınması söz konusu kimyasalların ergen sağlığı üzerinde oluşturacağı olumsuz etkileri azaltacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Endokrin Bozucular, Ergen Sağlığı, Hormonlar, Maruziyet

Kaynakça

• Schug T, Johnson AF, Birnbaum LS, Colborn T, Guillette LJ, Crews DP et al. Minireview: Endocrine Disruptors: Past Lessons and Future directions. Mol Endocrinol, August 2016, 30 (8): 833-847. google scholar
• Encarnaçao T, Pais A, Campos MG, Burrows HD. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Impact on human health, wildlife and the environment. Science Progress 2019, Vol.102(1)3-42. google scholar
• Lind P, Lind L. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and risk of diabetes: an evidence-based review. Diabetologia. 2018; 61(7): 1495-1502. google scholar
• Bergman A, Heindel JJ, Jobling S, Kidd KA, Zoeller R.T. State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals 2012, United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization, 2013. google scholar
• Kabir ER, Sharfin Rahman M, Rahman I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology40(2015):241-258. google scholar
• Rietjens I, Louisse J, Beekmann K. The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2017 Jun; 174 (11) : 1263-1280. google scholar
• Adgent M, Daniels J, Rogan W, Adair L, Edwards L, Westreich D. et al. Early-life soy exposure and age at menarche. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol.2012 Mar;26(2):163-75. google scholar
• Massart, F., Meucci, V., Saggese, G., & Soldani, G. (2008). High growth rate of girls with precocious puberty exposed to estrogenic mycotoxins. J Pediatr, 152, 690-695.) google scholar
• Rivera-Nunez Z, Barrett ES, Szamreta EA, Shapses SA, Qin B, Lin Y et al. Urinary mycoestrogens and age and height at menarche in New Jersey girls. Environ Health.2019 mar 22;18(1):24. google scholar
• Gao Y, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Zhang P, Liu J, Feng Y. Et al. Pubertal exposure to low doses of zearalenone disrupting spermatogenesis through ERa related genetic and epigenetic pathways.Toxicol Lett. 2019 Oct 15;315:31-38. google scholar
• Berger K, Eskenazi B, Kogut K, Parra K, Lustig RH, Greenspan LC. et al. Association of prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalates and bisphenol A and pubertal timing in boys and girls. Environ Health Perspect. 2018 Sep; 126 (9): 097004. google scholar
• Konieczna A, Rutkowska A, Rachon D. Health risk of exposure to Bisphenol A. Rocz Panstw Zakl hig. 2015;66 (1):5-11. google scholar
• Yılmaz B, Terekeci H, Sandal S, Kelestimur F. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies. Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019. google scholar
• Liu B, Lehmler H-J, Sun Y, Xu G, Sun Q, Snetselaar LG. Et al. Association of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S, with obesity in United States children and adolescents. Diabetes Metab J. 2019 Feb;43(1):59-75. google scholar
• Leonardi A, Cofini M, Rigante D, Lucchetti L, Cipolla C, Penta L, Esposito S. The effect of Bisphenol A on puberty: A critical review of medical literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Sep;14 (9):1044. google scholar
• Scinicariello F, Buser MC. Serum testosterone concentrations and urinary bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, triclosan, and paraben levels in male and female children and adolescents: NHANES 20112012. Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Dec;124(12):1898-1904. google scholar
• Li X, Gao Y, Wang J, Ji G, Lu Y, Yang D et al. Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and human health, Journal of Public Health and Emergency , 2017;1:8. google scholar
• Akgül S, Sur Ü, Balcı A, Kızılkan MP, Kanbur N, Bozdağ G ve ark. Bisphenol A and phthalate levels in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019 Dec; 35(12): 10841087. google scholar
• Amin MM, Ebrahim K, Hashemi M, Yeganeh BS, Rafiei N, Mansourian M, Kelishadi R. Association of exposure to bisphenol A with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Int J Environ Health Res. 2019 Feb;29(1):94-106. google scholar
• Lin C-Y, Shen F-Y, Lian G-W, Chien K-L, Sung F-C, Chen P-C, Su T-C. Association between levels of serum bisphenol A, a potentially harmful chemical in plastic containers, and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adolescents and young adults. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Aug;241 (2):657-63. google scholar
• Sur U, Erkekoğlu P, Buluş A, Andıran N, Kocer-Gümüşel B. Oxidative stress markers, trace elements, and endocrine disrupting chemicals in children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2019 Nov;29(9):633-643. google scholar
• Perera F, Nolte E, Wang Y, Margolis A, Calafat A, Wang S. Et al. Bisphenol A exposure and symptoms of anxiety and depression among inner city children at 10-12 years of age. Environ Res. 2016 Nov;151:195-202. google scholar
• Benjamin S, Masai E, Kamimura N, Takahashi K, Anderson RC, Faisal PA. Phthalates impact human health: Epidemiological evidences and plausible mechanism of action. J Hazard Mater.2017 Oct 15;340: 360-383. google scholar
• Trasande L, Spanier AJ, Sathyanarayana S, Attina TM, Blustein J. Urinary ptthalates and increased insulin resistance in adolescents. Pediatrics.2013 Sep;132(3):e646-55. google scholar
• Buser MC, Murray HE, Scinicariello F. Age and sex differences in childhood and adulthood obesity association with phthalates: analyses of NHANES 2007-2010.Int J Hyg Environ Health.2014. Jul ;217(6):687-94. google scholar
• Golestanzadeh M, Riahi R, Kelishadi R. Association of exposure to phthalates with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019 Dec;26(35):35670-35686. google scholar
• M Binder A, Corvalan C, Calafat AM, Ye X, Mericq V, Pereria A, Michels KB. Childhood and adolescent phenol and phthalate exposure and the age of menarche in Latina girls. Environ Health. 2018 Apr3;17(1):32. google scholar
• Hyun Kim D, Min Choi S, Soo Lim D, Roh T, Kwack J, Yoon S. et al .Risk assessment of endocrine disrupting phthalates and hormonal alterations in children and adolsecents. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2018; 81 (21): 1150-1164. google scholar
• Kim Y-M, KimJ,Cheong H-K, Jeon B-H, Ahn K. Exposure to phthalates aggravates pulmonary function and airway inflammation in asthmatic children. PLoS One. 2018 Dec 17;13(12):e0208553 google scholar
• Chopra V, Harley K, Lahiff M, Eskenazi B. Association between phthalates and attention deficit disorder and learning disability in U.S. children, 6-15 years. Environ Res. 2014 Jan;128:64-9 google scholar
• Hu D, Wang Y-X, Chen W-J, Zhang Y, Li H-H, Xiong L. et al. Associations of phthalates exposure with attention deficits hyperactivity disorder: A case-control study among Chinese children. Environ Pollut.2017 Oct;229:375-385. google scholar
• Shoaff JR, Calafat AM, Schantz SL, Korrcik SA. Endocrine disrupting chemical exposure and maladaptive behavior during adolescence. Environ Res. 2019 May;172:231-241. google scholar
• Kang H, Lee H-K, Moon H-B, Kim S, Lee J, Ha M. et al. Perfluoroalkyl acids in serum of Korean children: Occurences, related sources, and associated health outcomes. Science of the Total Environment 645(2018): 958-965. google scholar
• Sunderland EM, Hu XC, Dassuncao C, Tokranov AK, Wagner CC, Allen JG. A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and present understanding of health effects. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol.2019 Mar;29(2):131-147. google scholar
• Ünlü Endirlik B, Gürbay A. Perflorooktanoik asit: Maruziyet yolları, Toksikokinetik Özellikleri ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkileri FABAD J. Pharm. Sci., 43, 2, 135-156, 2018. google scholar
• Rappazzo KM, Coffman E, Hines EP. Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances and health outcomes in children: A systematic review of the epidemiologic literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Jul; 14(7):691. google scholar
• Forns J, Verner M-A, Iszatt N, Nowack N, Bach CC, Vrijheid M. et al. Early life exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and ADHD: A meta- analysis of nine European population-based studies. Environ Health Perspect. 2020 May;128(5):57002. google scholar
• Ernst A, Brix N, Lauridsen LLB, Parner ET, Liew Z, Olsen LH, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances during fetal life and pubertal development in boys and girls from Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2019 Jan ; 127(1): 171004 google scholar
• Jeddy Z, Tobias JH, Taylor EV, Northstone K, Flanders WD, Hartman TJ. Prenatal oncentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and bone health in British girls at age 17. Arch Osteoporos. 2018 Aug 3;13(1):84. google scholar
• Stein CR, McGovern KJ, Pajak AM, Maglione PJ, Wolff MS. Perfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances and indicators of immune function in children aged 12-19 years: NHANES. Pediatr Res. 2016 Feb;79(2):348-357. google scholar
• Gaylord A, Berger KI, Naidu M, Attina T, Gilbert J, Koshy TT. et al. Serum perfluoroalkyl substances and lung function in adolescents exposed to the World Trade Center disaster. Environ Res. 2019 May;172:266-272. google scholar
• Koshy TT, Attina TM, Ghassabian A, Gilbert J, Burdine LK, Marmor M. et al. Serum perfluoroalkyl substances and cardiometabolic consequences in adolescents exposed to the World Trade Center disaster and a matched comparison group. Environ Int. 2017 Dec;109:128-135. google scholar
• Domazet SL, Grontved A, Timmerman AG, Nielsen F, Jensen TK. Longitudinal associations of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in childhood and adolescence and indicators of adiposity and glucose metabolism 6 and 12 years later: The European Youth Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):1745-51. google scholar
• Di Nisio A, Sabovic I, Valente U, Tescari S, Rocca MS, Guidolin D. et al. Endocrine disruption of androgenic activity by perfluoroalkyl substances : clinical and experimental evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr 1;104(4):1259-1271. google scholar
• Zhou Y, Hu L-W, Qian ZM, Chang J-J, King C, Paul G. et al. Associations of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure with reproductive hormone levels in adolescents: By sex status. Environ Int.2016 Sep;94:189-195. google scholar
• Dickerson AS, Ransome Y, Karlsson O. Human prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenils (PCBs) and risk behaviors in adolescence. Environ Int. 2019 Aug;129:247-255. google scholar
• Leijs MM, Tusscher GW, Olie K, Teunenbroek T, Aailderen W, Voogt P. et al. Thyroid hormone metabolism and environmental chemical exposure. Environ Health. 2012 Jun 28;11 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1)S10. google scholar
• Luzardo OP, Hernandez LAH, Valeron PF, Lara PC, Gonzalez MA, Losada A. et al. The relationship between dioxin like polychlorobiphenyls and IGF-I serum levels in healty adults: Evidence from a cross sectional study. Plos One.2012;7(5):e38213. google scholar
• Leijs MM, Koppe JG, Olie K, Voogt P, Aalderen W, Tusscher GW. E xposure to environmental contaminants and lung function in adolescents-Is there a link? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jul;15(7):1352. google scholar
• Boada LD, Sangil M, Alvarez-Leon E, Rodriguez G, Hernandez LAH, Camacho M. et al. Consumption of foods of animal origin as determinant of contamination by organochlorine pesticides andpolychlorobiphenyls: results from a population- based study in Spain. Chemosphere, 2014 Nov;114:121-8. google scholar
• Wu W-L, Deng X-L, Zhou S-J, Liang H, Yang X-F, Wen J et al. Levels, congener profiles, and dietary intake assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in beef, freshwater fish, and pork marketed in Guangdong Province, China. Sci Total Environ. 2018 Feb 15;615: 412-421. google scholar
• Burns JS, Williams PL, Sergeyev O, Korrick SA, Rudnev S, Alakbarova BP. et al. Associations of peri-pubertal serum dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls with growth and body composition among Russian boys in a longitudinal cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2020 Jan;223(1):228-237. google scholar
• Liberman DA, Walker KA, Gore AC, Bell MR. Sex- specific effects of developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on neuroimmune and dopaminergic endpoints in adolescent rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. May-Jun 2020;79:106880. google scholar
• Burns JS, Lee MM,Williams PL, Korrick SA, Sergeyev O, Lam T. et al.Associations of peripubertal serum dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations with pubertal timing among Russian boys. Environ Health Perspect.2016 Nov;124(11):1801-1807. google scholar
• Sergeyev O, Burns JS, Williams P, Korrick SA, Lee M, Revich B, Hauser R. The association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorine chemicals and blood lead with growth and pubertal development in a longitudinal cohort of boys: a review of published results from the Russian Children’s Study. Rev Environ Health. 2017 Mar 1;32(1-2):83-92. google scholar
• Schell LM, Gallo MV, Deane GD, Nelder KR, DeCaprio AP, Jacobs A. Relationships of polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p-DDE) with testosterone levels in adolescent males. Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Mar;122(3):304-9. google scholar
• Eskenazi B, Rauch SA, TEnerelli R, Huen K, Holland NT, Lustig RH. et al. In utero and childhood DDT, DDE, PBDE and PCBs exposure and sex hormones in adolescent boys: The CHAMACOS study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Apr;220(2PtB):364-372. google scholar