İklim Krizi ve Çocuk Sağlığı Arasındaki İlişkiyi Anlamak

Öz

İklim değişikliğinin hem çocuk hem de yetişkin sağlığı üzerinde ciddi etkileri bulunmaktadır. İklim değişikliğinin vücuttaki etkileri, solunum sistemi, sinir sistemi ve bağışıklık sistemi dâhil olmak üzere birçok vücut sisteminde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sıcaklık artışı, temiz su ve gıdaya erişimdeki yetersizliklerle birlikte biyoçeşitliliğin azalması ve sıcak hava dalgaları gibi olağandışı iklim olayları, bulaşıcı hastalıklarla birlikte, bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların görülme sıklığını artırmaktadır. ISSOP(Uluslararası Sosyal Pediatri Derneği), sosyal pediatristlerle ve çocuk sağlığı profesyonelleriyle birlikte, sağlığın korunması ve geliştirilmesi, hastalıkların önlenmesi, tedavi ve rehabilitasyon alanlarında çalışan, bunu yönetim sistemlerine ve politika yapım süreçlerine katılım sağlama ve rehber dokumanlar yayınlama yoluyla yapan uluslararası bir dernektir. “İklim Değişikliğinin Çocuklar Üzerindeki Etkisine Karşılık Verebilmek” seminer serisi, ISSOP’un iklim değişikliğinin önemini ve çocuk sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini öne çıkarmayı amaçlayan küresel bir girişimidir. Bu kapsamda 2021 yılının Şubat ve Eylül ayları arasında ikişer saatlik sekiz yapılandırılmış seminer düzenlendi. Bu derlemede, seminer serisinin konuları özetlenerek çocuk sağlığı profesyonellerine akademik ve klinik uygulamalarında kullanabilecekleri öneriler sunulmaktadır. İklim değişikliğinin özellikle çocuk sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri, iklim değişikliği kaynaklı artan eşitsizlik ve adaletsizlikler, gençlerin iklim değişikliğine verilen yanıttaki temel rolü ve iklim değişikliğinin sağlık eğitimine entegrasyonu tartışılacaktır. İklim değişikliği bir halk sağlığı acilidir ve herkesin harekete geçmesini gerektirmektedir. Sağlık profesyonelleri, toplum tarafından saygı ve güven duyulan bir mesleğin üyeleri olarak, iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz sağlık sonuçlarından haberdar olmalı ve toplumda bilgilendirici bir rol oynamalıdır. Bu sonuçların çocuk sağlığına olumsuz etkileri, iklim değişikliğine ilişkin toplumsal farkındalığın artırılması, ilgili önlemlerin alınması, ebeveynlerin ve çocuk sağlığı profesyonellerinin iklim değişikliği uyum ve azaltım stratejilerini uygulaması yoluyla hafifletilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal pediatri
• çocuk sağlığı
• iklim değişikliği
• ISSOP

Understanding the Links Between the Climate Crisis and Child Health

Öz

Climate change has severe adverse effects on both child and adult health. It affects multiple body systems including the respiratory, immunologic, and neurologic systems. Increased temperatures, water and food insecurity, extreme climate events such as heatwaves and a loss of biodiversity all increase the prevalence of infectious and non-communicable disease. ISSOP is an international organization that works with social pediatrics and child health professionals in areas of health promotion, disease prevention, curative pediatrics and rehabilitation through participation in system development, policy-making processes and the publishing of international documents for guidance. The “Responding to the Impact of Climate Change on Children” webinar series is a global initiative that aims to highlight the importance of climate change and its adverse effects on child health. Eight structured two-hour webinars were held between February and September 2021. In this review, we aim to summarize the topics of the webinar series and provide recommendations to child health professionals which they can use in their academic and clinical practices. The consequences of climate change on health and, more specifically, child health, deepening inequalities and inequities, the essential role of youth, and the integration of climate change into health education will be discussed. Climate change is a public health emergency and requires everyone to take action. Healthcare professionals, as members of a respected and trusted occupation, must be made aware of the negative health consequences of climate change and play an informative role in society. The impact of such consequences that affect children’s health can be mitigated by increasing societal awareness of the effects of climate change, taking the relevant precautions and implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies by parents and pediatricians.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Social pediatrics
• child health
• climate change
• ISSOP

Kaynakça

1. 1. Masson-Delmotte V, Zhai P, Pirani A, Connors SL, Pean C, Berger S, et al. IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. In Press. google scholar
2. 2. Hashim JH, Hashim Z. Climate Change, Extreme weather events, and human health implications in the Asia Pacific Region. Asia-Pacific journal of public health 2016;28(Suppl 2):8S-14S. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1010539515599030 google scholar
3. 3. International Conference on Primary Health Care (1978: Alma-Ata, USSR), World Health Organization & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (1978). Primary health care: report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978 / jointly sponsored by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund. World Health Organization. google scholar
4. 4. Ragavan MI, Marcil LE, Garg A. Climate Change as a Social Determinant of Health. Pediatrics 2020;145(5):e20193169. doi. org/10.1542/peds.2019-3169 google scholar
5. 5. Marmot M, Bell R. Social determinants and non-communicable diseases: time for integrated action. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2019; 364: l251. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l251 google scholar
6. 6. Vrijheid M, Casas M, Gascon M, Valvi D, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Environmental pollutants and child health-A review of recent concerns. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016;219(4- 5):331-42. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.05.001 google scholar
7. 7. Proimos J, Klein JD. Noncommunicable diseases in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2012;130(3):379-81. doi: 10.1542/ peds.2012-1475 google scholar
8. 8. Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B. Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation. Environment International 2016;86:14-23. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007 google scholar

9. 9. Yang L, Liu C, Hess J, et al. Health professionals in a changing climate: protocol for a scoping review. BMJ Open 2019;9:e024451. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2018-024451 google scholar
10. 10. Zenzano T, Allan JD, Bigley MB, et al. The roles of healthcare professionals in implementing clinical prevention and population health. Am J Prev Med 2011;40(2):261- 7.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. amepre.2010.10.023. google scholar
11. 11. Bhore SJ. (2016). Paris Agreement on Climate Change: A Booster to Enable Sustainable Global Development and Beyond. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016;13(11): 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111134 google scholar
12. 12. Dasandi N, Graham H, Lampard P, Jankin Mikhaylov S. Engagement with health in national climate change commitments under the Paris Agreement: a global mixed- methods analysis of the nationally determined contributions. The Lancet. Planetary Health 2021;5(2):e93-e10h1tt. ps://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30302-8 google scholar
13. 13. Pegram J, Colon C. Are climate change policies child-sensitive? A Guide for Action: Summary. United Nations Children’s Fund 2019. Available from: URL: https://www.unicef.org/globalinsight/ media/646/file/are-climate-change-policies-child-sensitive-2019.pdf google scholar
14. 14. Spencer N, Colomer C, Alperstein G, Bouvier P, Colomer J, Duperrex O, et al. Social paediatrics. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59(2):106-8. doi: 10.1136/jech.2003.017681. google scholar
15. 15. International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health website, last reach: 06.07.2021, Available from: URL: https://www.issop. org/2018/10/21/who-we-are/ google scholar
16. 16. International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health Presentation Booklet 2018, ISSOP’s website, last reach: 06.07.2021, available from: URL: https://www.issop.org/cmdownloads/issop-presentation-2018/ google scholar
17. 17. ISSOP declaration on climate change, International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health website, last reach: 01.08.2021, Available from: URL: https://www.issop.org/2021/03/28/issop-declaration-on-climate-change/ google scholar
18. 18. Doney S, Rosenberg AA, Alexander M, Chavez F, Harvell CD, Hofmann G, et al. 2014: Ch. 24: Oceans and Marine Resources. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program, 557-578. doi:10.7930/J0RF5RZW. google scholar
19. 19. Wheeler T, von Braun J. Climate change impacts on global food security. Science 2013;341(6145):508-13. doi: 10.1126/ science.1239402. google scholar
20. 20. Myers SS, Smith MR, Guth S, Golden CD, Vaitla B, Mueller ND et al. Climate Change and Global Food Systems: Potential Impacts on Food Security and Undernutrition. Annual Review of Public Health 2017;38:259-77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044356 google scholar
21. 21. Bruntland G, El-Ashry M, Figueres C, Huq S, Knox J, MacCracken M et al. Unless we act now, The impact of climate change on children Report, November 2015. UNICEF Available from: URL: https:// www.unicef.org/media/60111/file google scholar
22. 22. Ray C, Ming X. Climate Change and Human Health: A Review of Allergies, Autoimmunity and the Microbiome. Int J Environ Res Public Health 202;17(13):4814. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17134814. google scholar
23. 23. Ciesielski T. Climate Change and Public Health: A Small Frame Obscures the Picture. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 2017;27(1):8-11. doi:10.1177/1048291117691075 google scholar
24. 24. Campbell-Lendrum D, Manga L, Bagayoko M, Sommerfeld J. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015;370(1665):20130552. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0552. google scholar
25. 25. Caminade C, McIntyre KM, Jones AE. Impact of recent and future climate change on vector-borne diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019;1436(1):157-73. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13950. google scholar
26. 26. Hellden D, Andersson C, Nilsson M, Ebi KL, Friberg P, Alfven T. Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework. The Lancet. Planetary Health 2021;5(3):e164-e175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30274-6 google scholar
27. 27. D’Amato G, Chong-Neto HJ, Monge Ortega OP, Vitale C, Ansotegui I, Rosario N, et al. The effects of climate change on respiratory allergy and asthma induced by pollen and mold allergens. Allergy 2020;75(9):2219-28. doi: 10.1111/all.14476. google scholar
28. 28. Palinkas LA, Wong M. Global climate change and mental health. Curr Opin Psychol 2020;32:12-6. doi: 10.1016/j. copsyc.2019.06.023. google scholar
29. 29. Majeed H, Lee J. The impact of climate change on youth depression and mental health. Lancet Planet Health 2017;1(3):e94-e95. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30045-1. google scholar
30. 30. Levy BS, Patz JA. Climate Change, Human Rights, and Social Justice. Ann Glob Health 2015;81(3):310-22. doi: 10.1016/j. aogh.2015.08.008. google scholar
31. 31. Jones R. Climate change and Indigenous Health Promotion. Glob Health Promot 2019;26(3_suppl):73-81. doi: 10.1177 /1757975919829713. google scholar
32. 32. Jaakkola JJK, Juntunen S, Nâkkâlâjârvi K. The Holistic Effects of Climate Change on the Culture, Well-Being, and Health of the Saami, the Only Indigenous People in the European Union. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018;5(4):401-17. doi: 10.1007/s40572-018-0211-2. google scholar
33. 33. Sorensen C, Saunik S, Sehgal M, et al. Climate Change and Women’s Health: Impacts and Opportunities in India. Geohealth 2018;2(10):283-97. Published 2018 Oct 17. doi:10.1029/2018GH000163 google scholar
34. 34. Burke SEL, Sanson AV, Van Hoorn J. The Psychological Effects of Climate Change on Children. Curr Psychiatry Rep 20, 35 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018- 0896-9 google scholar
35. 35. Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, Atkins VJ, Baker PI, Bogard JR et al. The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission report. Lancet (London, England), 2019;393(10173):791-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(18)32822-8 google scholar
36. 36. Gislason MK, Kennedy AM, Witham SM. The Interplay between Social and Ecological Determinants of Mental Health for Children and Youth in the Climate Crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(9):4573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094573 google scholar
37. 37. Raducu R, Soare C, Chichirez CM, Purcarea MR. Climate Change and Social Campaigns. Journal of Medicine and Life. 2020;13(4):454-7. DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0173. google scholar
38. 38. Chersich MF, Scorgie F, Wright CY, Mullick S, Mathee A, Hess J et al. Climate change and adolescents in South Africa: The role of youth activism and the health sector in safeguarding adolescents’ health and education. S Afr Med J 2019;109(9):615-9. doi: 10.7196/ SAMJ.2019.v109i9.14327. google scholar
39. 39. Islam SN, Winkel J. United Nations Climate Change and Social Inequality. No. 152. DESA Working Paper No. 152 ST/ESA/2017/ DWP/152, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2017. Available from: URL: https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2017/ wp152_2017.pdf google scholar
40. 40. Ahlmark N, Algren MH, Holmberg T, Norredam ML, Nielsen SS, Blom AB et al. Survey nonresponse among ethnic minorities in a national health survey--a mixed-method study of participation, barriers, and potentials. Ethnicity & Health 2015;20(6):611-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2014.979768 google scholar
41. 41. Shea B, Knowlton K, Shaman J. Assessment of Climate-Health Curricula at International Health Professions Schools. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(5):e206609. doi: 10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2020.6609. google scholar
42. 42. Liao W, Yang L, Zhong S, Hess JJ, Wang Q, Bao J et al. Preparing the next generation of health professionals to tackle climate change: Are China’s medical students ready? Environ Res 2019;168:270-7. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.006. google scholar
43. 43. Eckelman MJ, Sherman J. Environmental Impacts of the U.S. Health Care System and Effects on Public Health. PLoS One 2016;11(6):e0157014. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157014. google scholar
44. 44. Shrank WH, Rogstad TL, Parekh N. Waste in the US Health Care System: Estimated Costs and Potential for Savings. JAMA. 2019;322(15):1501-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.13978. google scholar