BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

İntrauterin Büyüme Gerilikli Ratlarda Böbrekte Yapısal/Fonksiyonel Değişiklikler ve Serum Leptin Seviyesiyle İlişkisi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 27 - 36, 01.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.92259

Öz

Amaç: Amacımız, intrauterin büyüme geriliğinin İUBG böbrekler üzerine etkilerini ve serum leptin düzeylerinin bu değişikliklerle ilişkili olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Yöntem: Standart diyetle 7 gün besledikten sonra gebe ratlar 8.gün iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Kontrol grubu gebelik sırasında normal diyetle beslenmeye devam ederken, çalışma grubuna normal gereksinmelerinin yarısı kadar besin verilmiştir. Fetüsler 21 günlükken, yavrular ise 3., 6., 16. haftalarda değerlendirilmiştir. Böbrekler yapısal olarak ağırlıkları, ışık mikroskopisi bulguları, nefron sayısı ve glomerül hacmine göre incelenmiş ve işlevsel açıdan renal ekskretuar fonksiyon değerlendirilmiştir. Fetüsler ve 3 haftalık rat böbrekleri yalnızca yapısal açıdan incelenmiştir. Üç, 6 ve 16 haftalık ratların serum leptin düzeyleri 16 haftalıkların ise kan basınçları ve böbrek kan akımları ölçülmüştür. Bulgular: İUBG gruplarının böbrekleri daha hafifti. İUBG grubundaki fetüslerde ve 16 haftalık yavrularda daha az sayıda nefron saptanmıştır. Kontrollerle karşılaştırıldığında idrar akış hızı, renal kan akımı, GFH, Na, K ve Mg klirensleri 16 haftalık yavrularda daha düşük, ancak protein klirensi daha yüksek ve kan basıncı normal düzeylerdeydi. Üç haftalık İUBG olan ratlarda serum leptin düzeyleri anlamlı derecede yükselmişti. Altı haftalık dişilerde leptin düzeyleri kontrollere göre hemen hemen %60 oranında yükselmişti. Tüm yaşlar için leptin düzeyleriyle fraksiyonel böbrek ağırlıkları arasında negatif bir korelasyon mevcuttu. Altı haftalık ratlarda leptin düzeyi ile idrar hacmi koreleydi. On altı haftalık ratlarda leptin ve kan basıncı, kreatinin, Na, K klirensleri arasında pozitif korelasyonlar mevcuttu. Sonuç: İUBG’de sütten kesildikten sonra serum leptin konsantrasyonunda geçici artış en azından erken erişkin döneme kadar böbreklerde yapısal ve işlevsel bozulma ile ilişkili olmayabilir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lau C, Rogers JM. Embryonic and fetal programming of physiological disorders in adulthood. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2004;72:300-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.20029
  • 2. Fowden AL, Forhead AJ. Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming. Reproduction 2004;127: 515-26. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00033
  • 3. Wu G, Bazer FW, Cudd TA, Meininger CJ, Spencer TE. Maternal nutrition and fetal development. J Nutr. 2004;134:2169-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.9.2169
  • 4. Almeida JR, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Maternal gestational protein-calorie restriction decreases the number of glomeruli and causes glomerular hypertrophy in adult hypertensive rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:945-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2004.09.010
  • 5. Gilbert JS, Lang AL, Grant AR. Maternal nutrient restriction in sheep: hypertension and decreased nephron number in offspring at 9 months of age. J Physiol. 2005;565:137-47. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.084202
  • 6. Perez H, Ruiz S, Soto-Moyano R. Prenatal malnutritioninduced hypertension in young rats is prevented by neonatal capsaicin treatment. Neurosci Lett 2002;328:253-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00526-8
  • 7. Vehaskari VM, Woods LL. Prenatal programming of hypertension: lessons from experimental models. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2545-56. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005030300
  • 8. Ashton N. Perinatal development and adult blood pressure. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33:731-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000700002
  • 9. Hinchliffe SA, Lynch MR, Sargent PH, Howard CV, Van Velzen D. The effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the development of renal nephrons. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:296-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13726.x
  • 10. Ma-alich R, Reyes L, Herrera M, Melendi C, Fundora I. Relationship between weight at birth and the number and size of renal glomeruli in humans: a histomorphometric study. Kidney Int. 2000;58:770-3. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00225.x
  • 11. Marchand MC, Langley-Evans SC. Intrauterine programming of nephron number: the fetal flaw revisited. Nephrol. 2001;14:327-31.
  • 12. McMillen IC, Robinson JS. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev. 2005;85:571-633. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00053.2003
  • 13. Jaquet D, Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Oury JF, Czernichow P. Ontogeny of leptin in human fetuses and newborns: effect of intrauterine growth retardation on serum leptin concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1243-6. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.4.4731
  • 14. Jaquet D, Leger J, Tabone MD, Czernichow P, LevyMarchal C. High serum leptin concentrations during catch-up growth of children born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1949-53. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.6.1949
  • 15. Gunduz Z, Dursun N, Akgun H, Ozturk F, Okur H, Koc N. Renal effects of long-term leptin infusion and preventive role of losartan treatment in rats. Regul Pept. 2005;132:59-66.
  • 16. Gunduz Z, Canoz O, Per H, Dusunsel R, Poyrazoglu MH, Tez C, Saraymen R. The effects of pentoxifylline on diabetic renal changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Ren Fail 2004;26:597-605. https://doi.org/10.1081/JDI-200038329
  • 17. Schreuder M, Waal HDV, Wijk AV. Consequences of intrauterine growth restriction for the kidney. Kidney Blood Pres Res. 2006;29:108-25. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094538
  • 18. Hoy WE, Hughson MD, Bertram JF, Douglas-Denton R, Amann K. Nephron number, hypertension, renal disease, and renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2557-64. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005020172
  • 19. Lucas SR, Costa Silva VL, Miraglia SM, Zaladek Gil F. Functional and morphometric evaluation of offspring kidney after intrauterine undernutrition. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11:719-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004670050374
  • 20. Gil FZ, Lucas SR, Gomes GN, Cavanal Mde F, Coimbra TM. Effects of intrauterine food restriction and longterm dietary supplementation with L-arginine on agerelated changes in renal function and structure of rats. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:724-31. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000159514.06939.7E
  • 21. do Carmo Pinho Franco M, Nigro D, Fortes ZB, Tostes RC, Carvalho MH, Lucas SR, Gomes GN, Coimbra TM, Gil FZ. Intrauterine undernutrition-renal and vascular origin of hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:228-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00541-8
  • 22. Regina S, Lucas R, Miraglia SM, Zaladek Gil F, Machado Coimbra T. Intrauterine food restriction as a determinant of nephrosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:467-76. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2001.22088
  • 23. Kwong WY, Wild AE, Roberts P, Willis AC, Fleming TP. Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 2000;127:4195-202.
  • 24. Langley-Evans SC, Welham SJ, Jackson AA. Fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet impairs nephrogenesis and promotes hypertension in the rat. Life Sci. 1999;64:965-74 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00022-3
  • 25. Battista MC, Oligny LL, St-Louis J, Brochu M. Intrauterine growth restriction in rats is associated with hypertension and renal dysfunction in adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283:124-31. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00004.2001
  • 26. Brawley L, Itoh S, Torrens C, Barker A, Bertram C, Poston L, Hanson M. Dietary protein restriction in pregnancy induces hypertension and vascular defects in rat male offspring. Pediatr Res. 2003;54:83-90. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000065731.00639.02
  • 27. Nwagwu MO, Cook A, Langley-Evans SC. Evidence of progressive deterioration of renal function in rats exposed to a maternal low-protein diet in utero. Br J Nutr. 2000;83:79-85.
  • 28. Franco Mdo C, Arruda RM, Dantas AP, Kawamoto EM, Fortes ZB, Scavone C, Carvalho MH, Tostes RC, Nigro D. Intrauterine undernutrition: expression and activity of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in male and female adult offspring. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;56:145-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00508-4
  • 29. Sahajpal V, Ashton N. Renal function and angiotensin AT1 receptor expression in young rats following intrauterine exposure to a maternal low-protein diet. Clin Sci. 2003;104:607-14. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20020355
  • 30. Holemans K, Gerber R, Meurrens K, De Clerck F, Poston L, Van Assche FA. Maternal food restriction in the second half of pregnancy affects vascular function but not blood pressure of rat female offspring. Br J Nutr. 1999;81:73-9.
  • 31. Symonds ME, Gopalakrishnan G, Bispham J, Pearce S, Dandrea J, Mostyn A, et al. Maternal nutrient restriction during placental growth, programming of fetal adiposity and juvenile blood pressure control. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2003;111:45-52. https://doi.org/10.1076/apab.111.1.45.15141
  • 32. Painter RC, Roseboom TJ, van Montfrans GA, Bossuyt PM, Krediet RT, Osmond C, et al. Microalbuminuria in adults after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:189-94. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004060474
  • 33. Jacobsen P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Hovind P, Parving HH. Birth weight- a risk factor for progression in diabetic nephropathy? J Intern Med. 2003;253:343-50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01109.x
  • 34. Hoy WE, Rees M, Kile E, Mathews JD, McCredie DA, Pugsley DJ, Wang Z. Low birthweight and renal disease in Australian aborigines. Lancet 1998;352:1826-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79888-3
  • 35. Zidar N, Cavić MA, Kenda RB, Koselj M, Ferluga D. Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the clinical course and prognosis of IgA glomerulonephritis in children. Nephron 1998;79:28-32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000044987
  • 36. Passos MC, da Fonte Ramos C, Potente Dutra SC, Gaspar de Moura E. Transfer of iodine through the milk in protein-restricted lactating rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2001;12:300-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00142-5
  • 37. Desai M, Gayle D, Babu J, Ross MG. Programmed obesity in intrauterine growth-restricted newborns: modulation by newborn nutrition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288:91-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2004

The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 27 - 36, 01.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.92259

Öz

Objective: Our aim was to determine the effects of intrauterine growth retardation IUGR on the kidney and whether serum leptin level was associated with these changes. Method: After feeding with standard diet for 7 days pregnant rats were divided into 2 groups on the 8th day. While the control group continued to be fed with normal diet during pregnancy, the study group was fed with only half of their normal needs. Structural evaluations were performed in fetuses at 21. gestational days and offsprings at 3, 6, 16 weeks of age The kidneys were investigated according to their weight, light microscopy findings, nephron counts and glomerular volume. Renal excretory function was determined as for functional evaluation. Fetuses and 3 week- old rat kidneys were investigated only structurally. Serum leptin levels were measured at 3, 6, 16 weeks of age, while direct blood pressure and renal blood flows were measured at 16. week of age. Results: Renal weights were lower in the IUGR groups. In IUGR group, decreased number of nephrons were found in fetuses and 16-week-old offsprings. Urine flow rate, renal blood flow, GFR, Na, K and, Mg excretions were lower in the 16-week offspring group compared to the control group, but protein excretion was higher and blood pressure was at normal level. The IUGR rats had significantly elevated serum leptin levels at 3-week-old rats. The leptin levels in 6-week-old females were almost 60% higher than controls. For all ages there was a negative correlation between leptin levels and fractional kidney weights. Leptin level and urine volume were correlated in the 6-week-old rats. There were positive correlations between leptin and blood pressure, excretions of creatinin, Na and K in 16-week-old rats. Conclusion: In conclusion, temporary increase of serum leptin concentration during weaning may not be associated with the deleterious effect of kidney structure and function at least until early adulthood in IUGR.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Lau C, Rogers JM. Embryonic and fetal programming of physiological disorders in adulthood. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2004;72:300-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.20029
  • 2. Fowden AL, Forhead AJ. Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming. Reproduction 2004;127: 515-26. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00033
  • 3. Wu G, Bazer FW, Cudd TA, Meininger CJ, Spencer TE. Maternal nutrition and fetal development. J Nutr. 2004;134:2169-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.9.2169
  • 4. Almeida JR, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Maternal gestational protein-calorie restriction decreases the number of glomeruli and causes glomerular hypertrophy in adult hypertensive rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:945-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2004.09.010
  • 5. Gilbert JS, Lang AL, Grant AR. Maternal nutrient restriction in sheep: hypertension and decreased nephron number in offspring at 9 months of age. J Physiol. 2005;565:137-47. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.084202
  • 6. Perez H, Ruiz S, Soto-Moyano R. Prenatal malnutritioninduced hypertension in young rats is prevented by neonatal capsaicin treatment. Neurosci Lett 2002;328:253-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00526-8
  • 7. Vehaskari VM, Woods LL. Prenatal programming of hypertension: lessons from experimental models. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2545-56. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005030300
  • 8. Ashton N. Perinatal development and adult blood pressure. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33:731-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000700002
  • 9. Hinchliffe SA, Lynch MR, Sargent PH, Howard CV, Van Velzen D. The effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the development of renal nephrons. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:296-301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1992.tb13726.x
  • 10. Ma-alich R, Reyes L, Herrera M, Melendi C, Fundora I. Relationship between weight at birth and the number and size of renal glomeruli in humans: a histomorphometric study. Kidney Int. 2000;58:770-3. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00225.x
  • 11. Marchand MC, Langley-Evans SC. Intrauterine programming of nephron number: the fetal flaw revisited. Nephrol. 2001;14:327-31.
  • 12. McMillen IC, Robinson JS. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev. 2005;85:571-633. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00053.2003
  • 13. Jaquet D, Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Oury JF, Czernichow P. Ontogeny of leptin in human fetuses and newborns: effect of intrauterine growth retardation on serum leptin concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1243-6. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.4.4731
  • 14. Jaquet D, Leger J, Tabone MD, Czernichow P, LevyMarchal C. High serum leptin concentrations during catch-up growth of children born with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1949-53. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.84.6.1949
  • 15. Gunduz Z, Dursun N, Akgun H, Ozturk F, Okur H, Koc N. Renal effects of long-term leptin infusion and preventive role of losartan treatment in rats. Regul Pept. 2005;132:59-66.
  • 16. Gunduz Z, Canoz O, Per H, Dusunsel R, Poyrazoglu MH, Tez C, Saraymen R. The effects of pentoxifylline on diabetic renal changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Ren Fail 2004;26:597-605. https://doi.org/10.1081/JDI-200038329
  • 17. Schreuder M, Waal HDV, Wijk AV. Consequences of intrauterine growth restriction for the kidney. Kidney Blood Pres Res. 2006;29:108-25. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094538
  • 18. Hoy WE, Hughson MD, Bertram JF, Douglas-Denton R, Amann K. Nephron number, hypertension, renal disease, and renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2557-64. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2005020172
  • 19. Lucas SR, Costa Silva VL, Miraglia SM, Zaladek Gil F. Functional and morphometric evaluation of offspring kidney after intrauterine undernutrition. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11:719-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004670050374
  • 20. Gil FZ, Lucas SR, Gomes GN, Cavanal Mde F, Coimbra TM. Effects of intrauterine food restriction and longterm dietary supplementation with L-arginine on agerelated changes in renal function and structure of rats. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:724-31. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000159514.06939.7E
  • 21. do Carmo Pinho Franco M, Nigro D, Fortes ZB, Tostes RC, Carvalho MH, Lucas SR, Gomes GN, Coimbra TM, Gil FZ. Intrauterine undernutrition-renal and vascular origin of hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:228-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00541-8
  • 22. Regina S, Lucas R, Miraglia SM, Zaladek Gil F, Machado Coimbra T. Intrauterine food restriction as a determinant of nephrosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:467-76. https://doi.org/10.1053/ajkd.2001.22088
  • 23. Kwong WY, Wild AE, Roberts P, Willis AC, Fleming TP. Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 2000;127:4195-202.
  • 24. Langley-Evans SC, Welham SJ, Jackson AA. Fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet impairs nephrogenesis and promotes hypertension in the rat. Life Sci. 1999;64:965-74 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00022-3
  • 25. Battista MC, Oligny LL, St-Louis J, Brochu M. Intrauterine growth restriction in rats is associated with hypertension and renal dysfunction in adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283:124-31. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00004.2001
  • 26. Brawley L, Itoh S, Torrens C, Barker A, Bertram C, Poston L, Hanson M. Dietary protein restriction in pregnancy induces hypertension and vascular defects in rat male offspring. Pediatr Res. 2003;54:83-90. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000065731.00639.02
  • 27. Nwagwu MO, Cook A, Langley-Evans SC. Evidence of progressive deterioration of renal function in rats exposed to a maternal low-protein diet in utero. Br J Nutr. 2000;83:79-85.
  • 28. Franco Mdo C, Arruda RM, Dantas AP, Kawamoto EM, Fortes ZB, Scavone C, Carvalho MH, Tostes RC, Nigro D. Intrauterine undernutrition: expression and activity of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in male and female adult offspring. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;56:145-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00508-4
  • 29. Sahajpal V, Ashton N. Renal function and angiotensin AT1 receptor expression in young rats following intrauterine exposure to a maternal low-protein diet. Clin Sci. 2003;104:607-14. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20020355
  • 30. Holemans K, Gerber R, Meurrens K, De Clerck F, Poston L, Van Assche FA. Maternal food restriction in the second half of pregnancy affects vascular function but not blood pressure of rat female offspring. Br J Nutr. 1999;81:73-9.
  • 31. Symonds ME, Gopalakrishnan G, Bispham J, Pearce S, Dandrea J, Mostyn A, et al. Maternal nutrient restriction during placental growth, programming of fetal adiposity and juvenile blood pressure control. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2003;111:45-52. https://doi.org/10.1076/apab.111.1.45.15141
  • 32. Painter RC, Roseboom TJ, van Montfrans GA, Bossuyt PM, Krediet RT, Osmond C, et al. Microalbuminuria in adults after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:189-94. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2004060474
  • 33. Jacobsen P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Hovind P, Parving HH. Birth weight- a risk factor for progression in diabetic nephropathy? J Intern Med. 2003;253:343-50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01109.x
  • 34. Hoy WE, Rees M, Kile E, Mathews JD, McCredie DA, Pugsley DJ, Wang Z. Low birthweight and renal disease in Australian aborigines. Lancet 1998;352:1826-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79888-3
  • 35. Zidar N, Cavić MA, Kenda RB, Koselj M, Ferluga D. Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the clinical course and prognosis of IgA glomerulonephritis in children. Nephron 1998;79:28-32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000044987
  • 36. Passos MC, da Fonte Ramos C, Potente Dutra SC, Gaspar de Moura E. Transfer of iodine through the milk in protein-restricted lactating rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2001;12:300-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00142-5
  • 37. Desai M, Gayle D, Babu J, Ross MG. Programmed obesity in intrauterine growth-restricted newborns: modulation by newborn nutrition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288:91-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2004
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sebahat Tülpar Bu kişi benim

Zübeyde Gündüz Bu kişi benim

Nurcan Dursun Bu kişi benim

Figen Öztürk Bu kişi benim

Nedret Koç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tülpar, S., Gündüz, Z., Dursun, N., Öztürk, F., vd. (2019). The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level. Çocuk Dergisi, 19(1), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.92259
AMA Tülpar S, Gündüz Z, Dursun N, Öztürk F, Koç N. The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level. Çocuk Dergisi. Nisan 2019;19(1):27-36. doi:10.5222/j.child.2019.92259
Chicago Tülpar, Sebahat, Zübeyde Gündüz, Nurcan Dursun, Figen Öztürk, ve Nedret Koç. “The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats With Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level”. Çocuk Dergisi 19, sy. 1 (Nisan 2019): 27-36. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.92259.
EndNote Tülpar S, Gündüz Z, Dursun N, Öztürk F, Koç N (01 Nisan 2019) The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level. Çocuk Dergisi 19 1 27–36.
IEEE S. Tülpar, Z. Gündüz, N. Dursun, F. Öztürk, ve N. Koç, “The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level”, Çocuk Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 1, ss. 27–36, 2019, doi: 10.5222/j.child.2019.92259.
ISNAD Tülpar, Sebahat vd. “The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats With Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level”. Çocuk Dergisi 19/1 (Nisan 2019), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.92259.
JAMA Tülpar S, Gündüz Z, Dursun N, Öztürk F, Koç N. The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level. Çocuk Dergisi. 2019;19:27–36.
MLA Tülpar, Sebahat vd. “The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats With Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level”. Çocuk Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 27-36, doi:10.5222/j.child.2019.92259.
Vancouver Tülpar S, Gündüz Z, Dursun N, Öztürk F, Koç N. The Renal Structural and Functional Changes in Rats with Intrauterine Growth Retardation and its Correlation to Serum Leptin Level. Çocuk Dergisi. 2019;19(1):27-36.