BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Çocuklarda Ürtiker ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 01.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2018.53315

Öz

Ürtiker her yaşta görülebilen, ani başlangıçlı, deride kaşıntılı kızarıklıklar ve kabartılarla ve/veya anjiyo ödem ile seyreden bir hastalıktır. Anjiyoödem ise yalnızca deriyi değil mukozaları da tutabilir. Etiyolojide çok sayıda faktör rol oynamakla beraber, çocuklarda neden çoğu kez belirle- nemez. Tedavi başarısındaki en önemli nokta, tanının doğru konulmasıdır. Bu nedenle tanı sabırla ve tam bir sistematik değerlendirme ile konulmalıdır. Her iki durumda hem aile de hem de hastada ciddi kaygıya neden olmakta- dır. Burada ürtiker ve anjiyoödeme tanısal yaklaşım güncel bilgiler eşliğinde değerlendirildi

Kaynakça

  • Bernstein JA, Lang DM, Khan DA, Craig T, Khan DA, Dreyfus D, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update. Practice Parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:1270-7.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.036
  • Saini SS. Urticaria and angioedema. Adkinson NF, Bochner BS, Burks AW, Busse WW, Holgate ST, Lemanske RF, O’Hehir RE (eds.) Middleton’s Allergy Principles and Practice. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, (2014) s. 575-88.
  • Kaplan AP, Greaves MW. Angioedema. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:373-88.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.032
  • Greaves MW. Chronic urticaria in childhood. Allergy. 2000;55:309-20.
  • https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00116.x
  • Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Canonica GW, et al. The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classifi- cation, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update. Allergy. 2014;69:868-87.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12313
  • Greaves MW, Lawlor F. Angioedema: manifestations and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:155- 65.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(91)70183-3
  • Zuraw BL, Bernstein JA, Lang DM, Craing T, Dreyfus D, Hsieh F, et al. A focused parameter update: heredi- tary angioedema, acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(6): 1491-15.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.034
  • Gaig P, Olona M, Mu-oz Lejarazu D, Caballero MT, Domínguez FJ, Echechipia S, et al. Epidemiology of urticaria in Spain. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004;14:214-20.
  • Kjaer HF, Eller E, Host A, Andersen KE, Binslev- Jensen C. The prevalence of allergic diseases in an unselected group of 6-year-old children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:737-45.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00733.x
  • Henz BM, Zuberbier T. New developments and pers- pectives. Hautarzt. 2000;51:302-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1007/s001050051039
  • Bas M, Adams V, Suvorava T, Niehues T, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G. Non allergic angioedema: role of brady- kinin. Allergy. 2007;62:842-56.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01427.x
  • Zuraw BL. Clinical practice. Hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1027-36.
  • https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0803977
  • Pite H, Wedi B, Borrego LM, Kapp A, Raap U. Management of childhood urticaria:current knowlege and practical recommendations. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:500-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1573
  • Mortureux P, Léauté-Labrèze C, Legrain-Lifermann, V, Lamireau T, Sarlangue J, Taïeb A. Acute urticaria in infancy and early childhood. A prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:319-23.
  • https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.134.3.319
  • Sackesen C, Sekerel BE, Orhan F, Kocabas CN, Tuncer A, Adalioglu G. The etiology of different forms of urticaria in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21:102-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21202.x
  • Ricci G, Giannetti A, Belotti T, Dondi A, Bendandi B, Cipriani F, et al. Allergy is not the main trigger of urti- caria in children referred to the emergency room. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1347-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03634.x
  • Düzova A, Adalıoğlu G. Ürtiker ve anjiyoödem. Katkı Pediatri Dergisi (Astma ve Alerjik Hastalıklar). 1997;18:789-99.
  • Volonakis M, Katsaru-Katsari A, Stratigos J. Aetiologic factors in childhood chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy. 1992;69:61-5.
  • Caffarelli C, Cuomo B, Cardinale F, Barberi, S.,Dascola, CP, Agostinis F, et al. Aetiological factors associated with chronic urticaria in children: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:268-72.
  • https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1511
  • Jirapongsananuruk O, Pongpreuksa S, Sangacharoenkit P. Visitsunthorn N,Vichyanond P. Identification of the etiologies of chronic urticaria in children: a prospective study of 94 patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:508-14.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00912.x
  • Sahiner UM, Civelek E, Tuncer A, Yavuz ST, Karabulut E, Sackesen C, et al. Chronic urticaria: Etiology and natural course in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011;156:224-30.
  • https://doi.org/10.1159/000322349
  • Wedi B, Raap U, Wieczorek D, Kapp A. Urticaria and infections. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2009;5:10.
  • https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-5-10
  • Miyagawa S, Takahashi Y, Nagai A, Yamamoto Y, Nakagawa A, Hori K, et al. Angioedema in neonate with IgG antibodies to parvovirus B19 fallowing intra- uterine parvovirus B19 infection. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:428-30.
  • https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03676.x
  • Weidenbach H, Beckh KH, Lerch MM, Adler G. Precipitation of hereditary angioedema by infectious mononucleosis. Lancet 1993;342:934-5.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91985-U
  • Rais M, Unzeitig J, Grant JA. Refractory exacerbations of hereditary angioedema with associated Helicobacter pylori infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:713-4.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70249-6
  • Staubach P, Eckhardt-Henn A, Dechene M, Vonend A, Metz M, Mageri M, et al. Quality of life in patients with chronic urticaria is differentially impaired and determined by psychiatric comorbidity. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:294-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06976.x
  • Leznoff A, Josse R, Denburg J, Dolovich J. Association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid auto- immunity. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:636-40.
  • https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1983.01650320010007
  • Turktas I, Gokcora N, Demirsoy S, Cakir N, Onal E. The association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with autoimmune thyroiditis. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36: 187-90.
  • https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00187.x
  • Kılıç G, Guler N, Suleyman A, Tamay Z. Chronic urti- caria and autoimmunity in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:837-42.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.00986.x
  • Hergüner S, Kiliç G, Karakoç S, Tamay Z, Tüzün U, Güler N. Levels of depression, anxiety and behavioural problems and frequency of psychiatric disorders in children with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164;1342-7.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10138.x
  • Lin YR, Liu TH, Wu TK, Chang YJ, Chou CC, Wu, HP. Predictive factors of the duration of a first-attck acute urticaria in children Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29:883-9.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2010.04.004
  • Vena GA, Cassano N, Colombo D, Peruzzi E, Pigatto P; Neo-I-30 Study Group. Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:705-9.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.04.078
  • Tarzi MD, Hickey A, Förster T, Mohammadi M, Longhurst HJ. An evaluation of tests used fort he diag- nosis and monitoring of C1 inhibitor deficiency: nor- mal serum C4 does exclude hereditary angioedema. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;149:513-6.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03438.x
  • Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, Bork K, Kreuz W, Zingale L, et al. Canadian 2003 international consensus algorithm for the diagnosis, therapy and management of hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(3):629-37.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.06.043
  • Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, Bork K, Longhurst HJ, Zuraw B, et al. 2010 international consensus algorithm for the diagnosis, therapy and management of heredi- tary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;6(1):24.
  • https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-6-24
  • Bork K. Hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhi- bitor activity including hereditary angioedema with coagulation factor XII gene mutations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006;26:709-24.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2006.09.003
  • Ertoy Karagol HI, Yilmaz O, Bakirtas A, Topal E, Demirsoy MS, Turktas I. Angioedema without urticaria in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013 Nov;24(7):685-90.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12118
  • Papplardo E, Cicardi M, Duponchel C, Carugati A, Choquet S, Agostoni A, et al. Frequent de novo mutati- ons and exon deletions in the C1 inhibitor gene of patients with angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:1147-54.
  • https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.110471
  • Gülbahar O, Gelincik A, Sin A, Güleç M, Yılmaz M et al. Herediter anjiyoödem derleme. Asthma Allegy Immunol. 2010;8:125-38.

Diagnostic Approach to Urticaria and Angioedema in Children

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 01.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2018.53315

Öz

Urticaria is a disease that can be seen at any age, with sudden onset, itchy redness, and rashes and / or angioede- ma. Angioedema can not only involve mucous membranes but also the skin. A large number of factors play a role in etiology, but often its etiology can not be detected in child- ren. The most important point in the success of treatment is making the correct diagnosis. For this reason, the diagno- sis should be made with patience and a thorough systema- tic evaluation. Both cases can cause serious concern both in the family and in the patient. Herein, the diagnostic approach to urticaria and angioedema was evaluated in the context of current information

Kaynakça

  • Bernstein JA, Lang DM, Khan DA, Craig T, Khan DA, Dreyfus D, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria: 2014 update. Practice Parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:1270-7.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.036
  • Saini SS. Urticaria and angioedema. Adkinson NF, Bochner BS, Burks AW, Busse WW, Holgate ST, Lemanske RF, O’Hehir RE (eds.) Middleton’s Allergy Principles and Practice. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, (2014) s. 575-88.
  • Kaplan AP, Greaves MW. Angioedema. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:373-88.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.032
  • Greaves MW. Chronic urticaria in childhood. Allergy. 2000;55:309-20.
  • https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00116.x
  • Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Canonica GW, et al. The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classifi- cation, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update. Allergy. 2014;69:868-87.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12313
  • Greaves MW, Lawlor F. Angioedema: manifestations and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:155- 65.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(91)70183-3
  • Zuraw BL, Bernstein JA, Lang DM, Craing T, Dreyfus D, Hsieh F, et al. A focused parameter update: heredi- tary angioedema, acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(6): 1491-15.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.034
  • Gaig P, Olona M, Mu-oz Lejarazu D, Caballero MT, Domínguez FJ, Echechipia S, et al. Epidemiology of urticaria in Spain. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004;14:214-20.
  • Kjaer HF, Eller E, Host A, Andersen KE, Binslev- Jensen C. The prevalence of allergic diseases in an unselected group of 6-year-old children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:737-45.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00733.x
  • Henz BM, Zuberbier T. New developments and pers- pectives. Hautarzt. 2000;51:302-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1007/s001050051039
  • Bas M, Adams V, Suvorava T, Niehues T, Hoffmann TK, Kojda G. Non allergic angioedema: role of brady- kinin. Allergy. 2007;62:842-56.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01427.x
  • Zuraw BL. Clinical practice. Hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1027-36.
  • https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0803977
  • Pite H, Wedi B, Borrego LM, Kapp A, Raap U. Management of childhood urticaria:current knowlege and practical recommendations. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:500-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1573
  • Mortureux P, Léauté-Labrèze C, Legrain-Lifermann, V, Lamireau T, Sarlangue J, Taïeb A. Acute urticaria in infancy and early childhood. A prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:319-23.
  • https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.134.3.319
  • Sackesen C, Sekerel BE, Orhan F, Kocabas CN, Tuncer A, Adalioglu G. The etiology of different forms of urticaria in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004;21:102-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21202.x
  • Ricci G, Giannetti A, Belotti T, Dondi A, Bendandi B, Cipriani F, et al. Allergy is not the main trigger of urti- caria in children referred to the emergency room. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:1347-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03634.x
  • Düzova A, Adalıoğlu G. Ürtiker ve anjiyoödem. Katkı Pediatri Dergisi (Astma ve Alerjik Hastalıklar). 1997;18:789-99.
  • Volonakis M, Katsaru-Katsari A, Stratigos J. Aetiologic factors in childhood chronic urticaria. Ann Allergy. 1992;69:61-5.
  • Caffarelli C, Cuomo B, Cardinale F, Barberi, S.,Dascola, CP, Agostinis F, et al. Aetiological factors associated with chronic urticaria in children: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:268-72.
  • https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1511
  • Jirapongsananuruk O, Pongpreuksa S, Sangacharoenkit P. Visitsunthorn N,Vichyanond P. Identification of the etiologies of chronic urticaria in children: a prospective study of 94 patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:508-14.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00912.x
  • Sahiner UM, Civelek E, Tuncer A, Yavuz ST, Karabulut E, Sackesen C, et al. Chronic urticaria: Etiology and natural course in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011;156:224-30.
  • https://doi.org/10.1159/000322349
  • Wedi B, Raap U, Wieczorek D, Kapp A. Urticaria and infections. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2009;5:10.
  • https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-5-10
  • Miyagawa S, Takahashi Y, Nagai A, Yamamoto Y, Nakagawa A, Hori K, et al. Angioedema in neonate with IgG antibodies to parvovirus B19 fallowing intra- uterine parvovirus B19 infection. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:428-30.
  • https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03676.x
  • Weidenbach H, Beckh KH, Lerch MM, Adler G. Precipitation of hereditary angioedema by infectious mononucleosis. Lancet 1993;342:934-5.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)91985-U
  • Rais M, Unzeitig J, Grant JA. Refractory exacerbations of hereditary angioedema with associated Helicobacter pylori infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:713-4.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70249-6
  • Staubach P, Eckhardt-Henn A, Dechene M, Vonend A, Metz M, Mageri M, et al. Quality of life in patients with chronic urticaria is differentially impaired and determined by psychiatric comorbidity. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:294-8.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06976.x
  • Leznoff A, Josse R, Denburg J, Dolovich J. Association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid auto- immunity. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:636-40.
  • https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1983.01650320010007
  • Turktas I, Gokcora N, Demirsoy S, Cakir N, Onal E. The association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with autoimmune thyroiditis. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36: 187-90.
  • https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00187.x
  • Kılıç G, Guler N, Suleyman A, Tamay Z. Chronic urti- caria and autoimmunity in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:837-42.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.00986.x
  • Hergüner S, Kiliç G, Karakoç S, Tamay Z, Tüzün U, Güler N. Levels of depression, anxiety and behavioural problems and frequency of psychiatric disorders in children with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164;1342-7.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10138.x
  • Lin YR, Liu TH, Wu TK, Chang YJ, Chou CC, Wu, HP. Predictive factors of the duration of a first-attck acute urticaria in children Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29:883-9.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2010.04.004
  • Vena GA, Cassano N, Colombo D, Peruzzi E, Pigatto P; Neo-I-30 Study Group. Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:705-9.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.04.078
  • Tarzi MD, Hickey A, Förster T, Mohammadi M, Longhurst HJ. An evaluation of tests used fort he diag- nosis and monitoring of C1 inhibitor deficiency: nor- mal serum C4 does exclude hereditary angioedema. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;149:513-6.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03438.x
  • Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, Bork K, Kreuz W, Zingale L, et al. Canadian 2003 international consensus algorithm for the diagnosis, therapy and management of hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(3):629-37.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.06.043
  • Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, Bork K, Longhurst HJ, Zuraw B, et al. 2010 international consensus algorithm for the diagnosis, therapy and management of heredi- tary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;6(1):24.
  • https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-6-24
  • Bork K. Hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhi- bitor activity including hereditary angioedema with coagulation factor XII gene mutations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006;26:709-24.
  • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2006.09.003
  • Ertoy Karagol HI, Yilmaz O, Bakirtas A, Topal E, Demirsoy MS, Turktas I. Angioedema without urticaria in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013 Nov;24(7):685-90.
  • https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12118
  • Papplardo E, Cicardi M, Duponchel C, Carugati A, Choquet S, Agostoni A, et al. Frequent de novo mutati- ons and exon deletions in the C1 inhibitor gene of patients with angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:1147-54.
  • https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.110471
  • Gülbahar O, Gelincik A, Sin A, Güleç M, Yılmaz M et al. Herediter anjiyoödem derleme. Asthma Allegy Immunol. 2010;8:125-38.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Deniz Özçeker Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özçeker, D. (2018). Çocuklarda Ürtiker ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım. Journal of Child, 18(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2018.53315
AMA Özçeker D. Çocuklarda Ürtiker ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım. Journal of Child. Nisan 2018;18(1):1-9. doi:10.5222/j.child.2018.53315
Chicago Özçeker, Deniz. “Çocuklarda Ürtiker Ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım”. Journal of Child 18, sy. 1 (Nisan 2018): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2018.53315.
EndNote Özçeker D (01 Nisan 2018) Çocuklarda Ürtiker ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım. Journal of Child 18 1 1–9.
IEEE D. Özçeker, “Çocuklarda Ürtiker ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım”, Journal of Child, c. 18, sy. 1, ss. 1–9, 2018, doi: 10.5222/j.child.2018.53315.
ISNAD Özçeker, Deniz. “Çocuklarda Ürtiker Ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım”. Journal of Child 18/1 (Nisan 2018), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2018.53315.
JAMA Özçeker D. Çocuklarda Ürtiker ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım. Journal of Child. 2018;18:1–9.
MLA Özçeker, Deniz. “Çocuklarda Ürtiker Ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım”. Journal of Child, c. 18, sy. 1, 2018, ss. 1-9, doi:10.5222/j.child.2018.53315.
Vancouver Özçeker D. Çocuklarda Ürtiker ve Anjiyoödeme Tanısal Yaklaşım. Journal of Child. 2018;18(1):1-9.