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Antiepileptic Drugs in Children

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 117 - 123, 09.09.2022

Burçin Nazlı Karacabey Edibe Pembegül Yıldız Mine Çalışkan

Öz

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) lead to seizure freedom in about 70% of all children with epilepsy. Appropriate drug selection is determined by the patient’s age, seizure semiology, epileptic syndrome, and pharmacogenetic approach. The aim of treatment is to prevent seizures by maintaining the effective dose of one or more antiepileptic drugs. In recent years, many new generation AEDs with less side-effect profiles and drug interactions have been used in clinical practice. The clinical uses and side effects of AEDs are different in children than adults. The characteristics of AEDs in the pediatric age group are extremely important in the success of treatment. In this review, many current sources are examined, and the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical use and doses, side effects and drug interactions of AEDs that are frequently used in children are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antiepileptic drugs children epilepsy

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sillanpaa M, Saarinen M, Schmidt D. Clinical conditions of long-term cure in childhood-onset epilepsy: a 45-year follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav 2014;37:49-53. google scholar
  • 2. LaPenna P, Tormoehlen LM. The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Third-Generation Anticonvulsant Drugs. J Med Toxicol 2017;13:329-42. google scholar
  • 3. V. Singh KP, Verma N. Teratogenic potential of third-generation antiepileptic drugs: Current status and research needs. Pharmacol Rep 2019;71:491-502. google scholar
  • 4. Davies JA. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 1995;4:267-71. google scholar
  • 5. Kobayashi K, Endoh F, Ohmori I, Akiyama T. Action of antiepileptic drugs on neurons. Brain Dev 2020;42:2-5. google scholar
  • 6. Heimann G, Gladtke E. Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in childhood. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977;12:305-10. google scholar
  • 7. Nicholas SA, Frances EJ, Terrie EI, Joseph JV. Volpe’s Neurology of the Newborn. 6th ed. Elsevier 2018;311-7. google scholar
  • 8. Favie LMA, Groenendaal F, van den Broek MPH, Rademaker CMA, de Haan TR, van Straaten HLM et al. Phenobarbital, Midazolam Pharmacokinetics, Effectiveness, and Drug-Drug Interaction in Asphyxiated Neonates Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia. Neonatology 2019;116:154-162. google scholar
  • 9. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T et al. Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012;17:3-23. google scholar
  • 10. Arif H, Buchsbaum R, Weintraub D, Koyfman S, Salas-Humara C, Bazil CW. Comparison and predictors of rash associated with 15 antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 2007;68:,1701-9. google scholar
  • 11. Abou-Khalil BW. Update on Antiepileptic Drugs 2019. Continuum 2019;25:508-36. google scholar
  • 12. Patsalos PN, St Louis EK. The Epilepsy Prescriber’s Guide to Antiepileptic Drugs. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2018;256-7. google scholar
  • 13. Tolou-Ghamari Z, Zare M, Habibabadi JM, Najafi MR. A quick review of carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in epilepsy from 1953 to 2012. J Res Med Sci 2013;81-5. google scholar
  • 14. Gilman JT. Carbamazepine dosing for pediatric seizure disorders: the highs and lows. DICP 1991;25:1109-12. google scholar
  • 15. Chung W H, Hung SI, Hong HS, Hsih MS, Yang LC, Ho HC et al. Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Nature 2004;428-86. google scholar
  • 16. US Food and Drug Administration. Oxcarbazepine [prescribing information]. 2017. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda. gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021014s036lbl.pdf google scholar
  • 17. May TW, Korn-Merker E, Rambeck B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:,1023-42. google scholar
  • 18. Bang LM, Goa KL. Spotlight on oxcarbazepine in epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2004;18:57-61. google scholar
  • 19. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, Harden C, Bourgeois B, Bautista JF et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: Treatment-resistant epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2018;91:82-90. google scholar
  • 20. US Food and Drug Administration. Eslicarbazepine acetate [prescribing information]. 2017. Available from: https://www. accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/022416s009lbl. pdf google scholar
  • 21. Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Guerreiro C, Kalviainen R et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia 2013;54:551-63. google scholar
  • 22. Tolbert D, Larsen FA. Comprehensive Overview of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Clobazam. J Clin Pharmacol 2019;59:7-19. google scholar
  • 23. Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998;39:952-9. google scholar
  • 24. Ng YT, Collins SD. Clobazam. Neurotherapeutics 2007;4:138-44. google scholar
  • 25. Patsalos PN. Clinical pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:707-24. google scholar
  • 26. Nicholas SA, Frances EJ, Terrie EI, Joseph JV. Volpe’s Neurology of the Newborn. 6th ed. Elsevier 2018; 315. google scholar
  • 27. Sourbron J, Chan H, Wammes-van der Heijden EA, Klarenbeek P, Wijnen B, de Haan, et al. Review on the relevance of therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam. Seizure 2018;62:131-5. google scholar
  • 28. Kirmani BF, Crisp ED, Kayani S, Rajab H. Role of intravenous levetiracetam in acute seizure management of children. Pediatr Neurol 2009;41:37-9. google scholar
  • 29. Ng YT, Hastriter EV, Cardenas JF, Khoury EM, Chapman KE. Intravenous levetiracetam in children with seizures: a prospective safety study. Journal of child neurology 2010;25:551-5. google scholar
  • 30. Gillard M, Fuks B, Leclercq K, Matagne A. Binding characteristics of brivaracetam, a selective, high affinity SV2A ligand in rat, mouse and human brain: relationship to anti-convulsant properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2011;664:36-44. google scholar
  • 31. Brandt C, Klein P, Badalamenti V, Gasalla T, Whitesides J. Safety and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam in epilepsy: In-depth pooled analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2020;103:106864. google scholar
  • 32. DeVane CL. Pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and tolerability of valproate. Psychopharmacol Bull 2003;2:25-42. google scholar
  • 33. Belcastro V, D’Egidio C, Striano P, Verrotti A. Metabolic and endocrine effects of valproic acid chronic treatment. Epilepsy Res 2013;08:1-8. google scholar

Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 117 - 123, 09.09.2022

Burçin Nazlı Karacabey Edibe Pembegül Yıldız Mine Çalışkan

Öz

Antiepileptik ilaçlar (AEİ) ile epilepsi tanılı çocukların yaklaşık %70’nde nöbetler kontrol altına alınır. Seçilecek ilaç hastaların yaşı, nöbet semiyolojisi, epileptik sendrom, farmakogenetik yaklaşım ile belirlenir. Tedavide amaç bir veya daha fazla antiepileptik ilacın etkili dozunu muhafaza ederek nöbet oluşumunu önlemektir. Son yıllarda yan etki profili ve ilaç etkileşimi daha az olan birçok yeni nesil AEİ gündeme gelmiş olup bir kısmı klinik pratikte kullanılmaktadır. Çocuklarda, erişkinlere göre AEİ’lerin klinik kullanımları ve yan etkileri farklıdır. AEİ’lerin çocuk yaş grubuna ait özelliklerinin bilinmesi tedavi başarısında son derece önemlidir. Derlememizde çok sayıda güncel kaynak incelenerek çocukluklarda sık kullanılan AEİ’lerin etki mekanizmaları, farmakokinetik özellikleri, klinik kullanım ve dozları, yan etki ve ilaç etkileşimleri ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antiepileptik ilaçlar çocuklar epilepsi

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sillanpaa M, Saarinen M, Schmidt D. Clinical conditions of long-term cure in childhood-onset epilepsy: a 45-year follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav 2014;37:49-53. google scholar
  • 2. LaPenna P, Tormoehlen LM. The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Third-Generation Anticonvulsant Drugs. J Med Toxicol 2017;13:329-42. google scholar
  • 3. V. Singh KP, Verma N. Teratogenic potential of third-generation antiepileptic drugs: Current status and research needs. Pharmacol Rep 2019;71:491-502. google scholar
  • 4. Davies JA. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 1995;4:267-71. google scholar
  • 5. Kobayashi K, Endoh F, Ohmori I, Akiyama T. Action of antiepileptic drugs on neurons. Brain Dev 2020;42:2-5. google scholar
  • 6. Heimann G, Gladtke E. Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in childhood. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977;12:305-10. google scholar
  • 7. Nicholas SA, Frances EJ, Terrie EI, Joseph JV. Volpe’s Neurology of the Newborn. 6th ed. Elsevier 2018;311-7. google scholar
  • 8. Favie LMA, Groenendaal F, van den Broek MPH, Rademaker CMA, de Haan TR, van Straaten HLM et al. Phenobarbital, Midazolam Pharmacokinetics, Effectiveness, and Drug-Drug Interaction in Asphyxiated Neonates Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia. Neonatology 2019;116:154-162. google scholar
  • 9. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, Glauser T et al. Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2012;17:3-23. google scholar
  • 10. Arif H, Buchsbaum R, Weintraub D, Koyfman S, Salas-Humara C, Bazil CW. Comparison and predictors of rash associated with 15 antiepileptic drugs. Neurology 2007;68:,1701-9. google scholar
  • 11. Abou-Khalil BW. Update on Antiepileptic Drugs 2019. Continuum 2019;25:508-36. google scholar
  • 12. Patsalos PN, St Louis EK. The Epilepsy Prescriber’s Guide to Antiepileptic Drugs. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2018;256-7. google scholar
  • 13. Tolou-Ghamari Z, Zare M, Habibabadi JM, Najafi MR. A quick review of carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in epilepsy from 1953 to 2012. J Res Med Sci 2013;81-5. google scholar
  • 14. Gilman JT. Carbamazepine dosing for pediatric seizure disorders: the highs and lows. DICP 1991;25:1109-12. google scholar
  • 15. Chung W H, Hung SI, Hong HS, Hsih MS, Yang LC, Ho HC et al. Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Nature 2004;428-86. google scholar
  • 16. US Food and Drug Administration. Oxcarbazepine [prescribing information]. 2017. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda. gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021014s036lbl.pdf google scholar
  • 17. May TW, Korn-Merker E, Rambeck B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:,1023-42. google scholar
  • 18. Bang LM, Goa KL. Spotlight on oxcarbazepine in epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2004;18:57-61. google scholar
  • 19. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, Harden C, Bourgeois B, Bautista JF et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: Treatment-resistant epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2018;91:82-90. google scholar
  • 20. US Food and Drug Administration. Eslicarbazepine acetate [prescribing information]. 2017. Available from: https://www. accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/022416s009lbl. pdf google scholar
  • 21. Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, Cnaan A, Guerreiro C, Kalviainen R et al. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia 2013;54:551-63. google scholar
  • 22. Tolbert D, Larsen FA. Comprehensive Overview of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Clobazam. J Clin Pharmacol 2019;59:7-19. google scholar
  • 23. Canadian Study Group for Childhood Epilepsy. Clobazam has equivalent efficacy to carbamazepine and phenytoin as monotherapy for childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998;39:952-9. google scholar
  • 24. Ng YT, Collins SD. Clobazam. Neurotherapeutics 2007;4:138-44. google scholar
  • 25. Patsalos PN. Clinical pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:707-24. google scholar
  • 26. Nicholas SA, Frances EJ, Terrie EI, Joseph JV. Volpe’s Neurology of the Newborn. 6th ed. Elsevier 2018; 315. google scholar
  • 27. Sourbron J, Chan H, Wammes-van der Heijden EA, Klarenbeek P, Wijnen B, de Haan, et al. Review on the relevance of therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam. Seizure 2018;62:131-5. google scholar
  • 28. Kirmani BF, Crisp ED, Kayani S, Rajab H. Role of intravenous levetiracetam in acute seizure management of children. Pediatr Neurol 2009;41:37-9. google scholar
  • 29. Ng YT, Hastriter EV, Cardenas JF, Khoury EM, Chapman KE. Intravenous levetiracetam in children with seizures: a prospective safety study. Journal of child neurology 2010;25:551-5. google scholar
  • 30. Gillard M, Fuks B, Leclercq K, Matagne A. Binding characteristics of brivaracetam, a selective, high affinity SV2A ligand in rat, mouse and human brain: relationship to anti-convulsant properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2011;664:36-44. google scholar
  • 31. Brandt C, Klein P, Badalamenti V, Gasalla T, Whitesides J. Safety and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam in epilepsy: In-depth pooled analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2020;103:106864. google scholar
  • 32. DeVane CL. Pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and tolerability of valproate. Psychopharmacol Bull 2003;2:25-42. google scholar
  • 33. Belcastro V, D’Egidio C, Striano P, Verrotti A. Metabolic and endocrine effects of valproic acid chronic treatment. Epilepsy Res 2013;08:1-8. google scholar
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Burçin Nazlı Karacabey 0000-0001-8857-4356

Edibe Pembegül Yıldız 0000-0002-8016-0404

Mine Çalışkan 0000-0002-6869-3937

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karacabey, B. N., Pembegül Yıldız, E., & Çalışkan, M. (2022). Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar. Journal of Child, 22(2), 117-123.
AMA Karacabey BN, Pembegül Yıldız E, Çalışkan M. Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar. Journal of Child. Eylül 2022;22(2):117-123.
Chicago Karacabey, Burçin Nazlı, Edibe Pembegül Yıldız, ve Mine Çalışkan. “Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar”. Journal of Child 22, sy. 2 (Eylül 2022): 117-23.
EndNote Karacabey BN, Pembegül Yıldız E, Çalışkan M (01 Eylül 2022) Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar. Journal of Child 22 2 117–123.
IEEE B. N. Karacabey, E. Pembegül Yıldız, ve M. Çalışkan, “Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar”, Journal of Child, c. 22, sy. 2, ss. 117–123, 2022.
ISNAD Karacabey, Burçin Nazlı vd. “Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar”. Journal of Child 22/2 (Eylül 2022), 117-123.
JAMA Karacabey BN, Pembegül Yıldız E, Çalışkan M. Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar. Journal of Child. 2022;22:117–123.
MLA Karacabey, Burçin Nazlı vd. “Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar”. Journal of Child, c. 22, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 117-23.
Vancouver Karacabey BN, Pembegül Yıldız E, Çalışkan M. Çocuklarda Antiepileptik İlaçlar. Journal of Child. 2022;22(2):117-23.
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