Bell’s palsy’s viral pathogenicity and the use of botulinum toxin type A as treatment

Öz

Bell’s palsy is the common name for the inflammation of the cranial nerve VII. The peculiar geniculate ganglion inflammation is idiopathic and causes hemifacial paralysis. Patients who suffer from this paralysis may have their symptoms dissipate between 3 weeks and 3 months. For certain patients whose facial paralysis persist, botulinum toxin type- A might be an efficient treatment. Depending on the severity of the muscular palsy, different treatments can be offered including surgery, steroid, and anti-viral treatment as well as Botox. This review article’s purpose is to dive into the possible correlation of viral pathogens with the activation of the facial nerve inflammation, and how patients with Bell’s palsy can benefit from Botox type-A as treatment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bell’s palsy
• botulinum toxin type A
• Botox
• facial nerve
• muscular paralysis

Bell felcinin viral patojenitesi ve tedavi olarak botulinum toksin tip A kullanımı

Öz

Bell'in felci, kraniyal sinir VII'nin iltihaplanmasının ortak adıdır. Kendine özgü genikulat ganglion iltihabı idiyopatiktir ve hemifasiyal felce neden olur. Bu felçten muzdarip olan hastaların semptomları 3 hafta ile 3 ay arasında kaybolabilir. Yüz felci devam eden bazı hastalar için botulinum toksin tip A etkili bir tedavi olabilir. Kas felcinin şiddetine göre botoksun yanı sıra ameliyat, steroid ve antiviral tedavi gibi farklı tedaviler sunulabilir. Bu derleme makalesinin amacı, viral patojenlerin fasiyal sinir iltihabının aktivasyonu ile olası ilişkisine ve Bell felçli hastaların tedavi olarak botoks tip-A'dan nasıl yararlanabileceğine dalmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bell paralizi
• botulinum toksin tip A
• botoks
• fasiyal sinir
• kas felci

Kaynakça

1. 1. Heckmann, Josef G, et al. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Facial Paresis (Bell’s Palsy). Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 11 Oct. 2019.
2. 2. Zhang, Wenjuan, et al. “The Etiology of Bell’s Palsy: a Review.” Journal of Neurology, Springer, 28 Mar. 2019.
3. 3. Shokri T, Saadi R, Schaefer EW, Lighthall JG. Trends in the Treatment of Bell's Palsy. Facial Plast Surg. 2020 Oct;36(5):628-634. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1713808. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PMID: 32791532.
4. 4. Infante, Yolanda Herrero, et al. “Hemifacial Spasm through the Last Three Decades: From Etiology to Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Botulinum Toxin Treatment.” Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Elsevier, Apr. 2021.
5. 5. Duarte, Gonçalo S et al. “Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews vol. 11,11 CD004900. 19 Nov. 2020, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004900.pub3
6. 6. Kim, Dongwook et al. “Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injection on Asymmetric Lower Face with Chin Deviation.” Toxins vol. 12,7 456. 17 Jul. 2020, doi:10.3390/toxins12070456
7. 7. Heydenrych, Izolda. “The Treatment of Facial Asymmetry with Botulinum Toxin: Current Concepts, Guidelines, and Future Trends.” Indian journal of plastic surgery: official publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India vol. 53,2 (2020): 219-229. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1715189
8. 8. Sjaak Pouwels, et al. Ingels, “Association between duration of peripheral facial palsy, severity, and age of the patient, and psychological distress”, Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 18 April. 2021.

9. 9. Erdur, Hebun, et al. "Evidence for Seasonal Variation of Bell's Palsy in Germany." Neuroepidemiology, vol. 51, no. 3-4, 2018, p. 128+. Gale Academic OneFile, . Accessed 17 June 2021.
10. 10. Brooks, V B. “The action of botulinum toxin on motor-nerve filaments.” The Journal of physiology vol. 123,3 (1954): 501-15. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005067
11. 11. Park, Mee Young, and Ki Young Ahn. “Scientific review of the aesthetic uses of botulinum toxin type A.” Archives of craniofacial surgery vol. 22,1 (2021): 1-10. doi:10.7181/acfs.2021.00003
12. 12. Carruthers A, Carruthers J. History of botulinum toxin for medical and aesthetic use. In: Cohen JL, Ozog DM, Porto DA, editors. Botulinum toxins: cosmetic and clinical applications. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2017. pp. 1–12
13. 13. Sadiq, S A et al. “Botulinum toxin to improve lower facial symmetry in facial nerve palsy.” Eye (London, England) vol. 26,11 (2012): 1431-6. doi:10.1038/eye.2012.189
14. 14. Sahan, Ali, and Funda Tamer. “Restoring Facial Symmetry through Non-Surgical Cosmetic Procedures after Permanent Facial Paralysis: a Case Report.” Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina Pannonica Et Adriatica, vol. 26, no. 2, 2017, doi:10.15570/actaapa.2017.12.
15. 15. Zhang, H., Pendolino, A.L., Saeed, S.R. et al. “Botulinum Toxin Injection in Facial Paralysis and Other Neuromuscular Conditions”. Cur. Otorhinolaryngology Rep 8, 364–368 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-020-00306-6
16. 16. Genizi, Jacob, et al. “Does Herpes 6 Infection Have a Role in Bell’s Palsy Among Children and Adolescents?” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 38, no. 5, 2019, pp. 481–483., doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000002278.
17. 17. Ritvik P. Mehta and Tessa A. Hadlock. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery. Mar 2008.pg 84-87.
18. 18. Huang, Bo, et al. “Psychological Factors Are Closely Associated with the Bell's Palsy: A Case-Control Study.” Current Medical Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 20 Apr. 2012, Springer.
19. 19. Monini S., Lazzarino A. I., Iacolucci C., Buffoni A., Barbara M. Epidemiology of Bell’s palsy in an Italian Health District: incidence and case–control study. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2010;30(4):198.
20. 20. Rogalska E, Skowronek-Bala B, Swierczynska A, Kacinski M. Bell’s palsy in malopolska’s children in 2010–2014 years. Przegl lek. 2016;73:170–173
21. 21. Saleh, Christian et al. “Peripheral (Seventh) Nerve Palsy and Multiple Sclerosis: A Diagnostic Dilemma - A Case Report.” Case reports in neurology vol. 8,1 27-33. 23 Jan. 2016, doi:10.1159/000443681
22. 22. Gilden DH. Clinical practice. Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1323–1331
23. 23. Nigam, P K, and Anjana Nigam. “Botulinum toxin.” Indian journal of dermatology vol. 55,1 (2010): 8-14. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.60343
24. 24. Neuenschwander, M. et. al.“Botulinum toxin in otolaryngology: A review of its actions and opportunities for use”. Nose & Throat Journal. October 2000.
25. 25. Elble, Rodger J. “The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale.” Journal of Neurology & Neuromedicine, 21 July 2016.
26. 26. Lebrun, S., and T. Van Nieuwenhuysen. “Influence of Reduced Levels or Suppression of Sodium Nitrite on the Outgrowth and Toxinogenesis of Psychrotrophic Clostridium Botulinum Group II Type B in Cooked Ham.” International Journal of Food Microbiology, Elsevier, 30 Aug. 2020.
27. 27. Cooper L. et. al. “Botulinum toxin treatment for facial palsy A systemic review.” Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. Volume 70, Issue 6 June 2017 pg 833 – 841
28. 28. Fuzi, Jordan, et al. “Does Botulinum Toxin Therapy Improve Quality of Life in Patients with Facial Palsy?” Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, vol. 44, no. 5, 2020, pp. 1811–1819., doi:10.1007/s00266-020-01870-4.
29. 29. Konschake, M., Burger, F. and Zwierzina, M. Peripheral Nerve Anatomy Revisited: Modern Requirements for Neuroimaging and Microsurgery. Anat Rec, (2019), 302: 1325-1332. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24125
30. 30. Deshmukh, S.D., Samet, J., Fayad, L.M. et al. Magnetic resonance neurography of traumatic pediatric peripheral nerve injury: beyond birth-related brachial palsy. Pediatr Radiol 49, 954–964 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04401-9
31. 31. Marinos C. Dalakas, 67 - Autoimmune Peripheral Neuropathies, Editor(s): Robert R. Rich, Thomas A. Fleisher, William T. Shearer, Harry W. Schroeder, Anthony J. Frew, Cornelia M. Weyand, Clinical Immunology (Fifth Edition), Elsevier, 2019, Pages 903-915.e1, ISBN 9780702068966
32. 32. Jin, W.; Leitzen, E.; Goebbels, S.; Nave, K.-A.; Baumgärtner, W.; Hansmann, F. Comparison of Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus Induced Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Lesions Following Intracerebral and Intraspinal Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5134. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205134