Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Belirtileri ve Uyku Vaktini Erteleme Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Amaç: Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) semptomları ve uyku vaktini erteleme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 553 üniversite öğrencisi katıldı. Tüm katılımcılar sırasıyla sosyodemografik veri formu, Yetişkin DEHB Öz Bildirim Ölçeği (YDEHBÖ), Uyku Vaktini Erteleme Ölçeği (UVEÖ), Kısa Öz Kontrol Ölçeği (KÖKÖ) ve Uykusuzluk Şiddet İndeksi'ni (UŞİ) yanıtladı. Tüm katılımcılar YDEHBÖ puanına göre olası DEHB’si olan ve olmayan olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Bu iki grup arasında sosyodemografik verileri, uyku rutinlerini ve psikometrik ölçekleri karşılaştırdık. Son olarak, hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ile uyku vaktini ertelemeyi öngörebilecek faktörleri analiz ettik. Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 20.55 ± 2.17 idi. Katılımcıların çoğu kadın ve bekardı (sırasıyla %69,6 ve %98,2). UVEÖ, UŞİ ve YDEHBÖ puanları, DEHB grubunda DEHB olmayan gruba göre anlamlı derecede yüksekti (p < 0.01). KÖKÖ puanı, DEHB grubunda DEHB olmayan gruba göre anlamlı olarak daha düşüktü (p < 0.01). Uyku süresi, DEHB grubunda DEHB olmayan gruba göre anlamlı olarak daha düşüktü (p < 0.01). YDEHBÖ ile UŞİ, UVEÖ ve KÖKÖ arasındaki korelasyon katsayıları sırasıyla 0,461, 0,268 ve -0,442 idi (p < 0,01). Öz kontrol ve DEHB semptomları uyku vaktini ertelemeyi yaklaşık olarak aynı varyansla (%4'e karşı %3.9) ayrı ayrı yordamıştır. Sonuç: Klinisyenler, DEHB'li erişkinlerde uyku vaktini ertelemeyi klinik görüşme veya UVEÖ ile değerlendirmelidir. Uyku vaktini erteleyen yetişkin DEHB'li bireylere bilişsel davranışçı terapi-uykusuzluk ve uyku hijyeni ile müdahale edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu
• uyku vaktini erteleme
• uykusuzluk
• öz-kontrol.

The Relationship Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Bedtime Procrastination

Öz

Background/Aims: We aimed to examine the relationship between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and bedtime procrastination. Materials and Methods: Five hundred fifty-three university students participated in our study. All participants, in turn, answered the sociodemographic data form, The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). All participants were divided into two groups, probable ADHD and non-ADHD, according to the ASRS score. We compared sociodemographic data, sleep routines, and psychometric scales between these two groups. Finally, we analyzed the factors that could predict bedtime procrastination by hierarchical regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 20.55 ± 2.17. Most participants were female and unmarried (69.6% and 98.2%, respectively). BPS, ISI, and ASRS scores were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group (p < 0.01). BSCS score was significantly lower in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group (p < 0.01). Sleep duration was significantly lower in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group (p < 0.01). The correlation coefficients between ASRS and ISI, BPS, and BSCS were 0.461, 0.268, and -0.442, respectively (p < 0.01). Self-control and ADHD symptoms separately predicted bedtime procrastination with approximately the same variance (%4 vs. %3.9). Conclusions: Clinicians should evaluate bedtime procrastination in individuals with adult ADHD by clinical interview or BPS. Individuals with adult ADHD with bedtime procrastination should be assisted with cognitive behavioral therapy-insomnia and sleep hygiene.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
• bedtime procrastination
• insomnia
• self-control.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Sayal K, Prasad V, Daley D, Ford T, Coghill D. ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. Lancet Psychiatry 2018;5:175-86.
2. 2. Song P, Zha M, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Rudan I. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2021;11:04009.
3. 3. Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H et al. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med 2012;10:99.
4. 4. Steel P. The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychol Bull 2007;133(1):65-94.
5. 5. Steel P. Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist? Pers Individ Dif 2010;48(8):926–34.
6. 6. Niermann HC, Scheres A. The relation between procrastination and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in undergraduate students. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014;23(4):411-21.
7. 7. Langberg JM, Epstein JN, Graham AJ. Organizational-skills interventions in the treatment of ADHD. Expert Rev Neurother 2008;8(10):1549-61.
8. 8. Ramsay JR, Rostain AL. A cognitive therapy approach for adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Cogn Psychother 2003;17(4):319–34.

9. 9. Newark PE, Stieglitz RD. Therapy-relevant factors in adult ADHD from a cognitive behavioural perspective. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2010;2(2):59-72.
10. 10. Kroese FM, De Ridder DT, Evers C, Adriaanse MA. Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination. Front Psychol 2014;5:611.
11. 11. Geng Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhang R. Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. J Affect Disord 2021;293:415-21.
12. 12. Ma X, Meng D, Zhu L et al. Bedtime procrastination predicts the prevalence and severity of poor sleep quality of Chinese undergraduate students. J Am Coll Health 2022;70(4):1104-11.
13. 13. Broström A, Wahlin Å, Alehagen U, Ulander M, Johansson P. Sex-specific associations between self-reported sleep duration, depression, anxiety, fatigue and daytime sleepiness in an older community-dwelling population. Scand J Caring Sci 2018;32(1):290-98.
14. 14. Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers 2004;72(2):271-324.
15. 15. Zhang C, Meng D, Zhu L et al. The Effect of Trait Anxiety on Bedtime Procrastination: the Mediating Role of Self-Control. Int J Behav Med 2022;10.1007/s12529-022-10089-3.
16. 16. Carlson RV, Boyd KM, Webb DJ. The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: past, present and future. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(6):695-713.
17. 17. Green JG, DeYoung G, Wogan ME, Wolf EJ, Lane KL, Adler LA. Evidence for the reliability and preliminary validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v1.1 (ASRS v1.1) Screener in an adolescent community sample. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2019;28(1):e1751.
18. 18. Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, Van Brunt DL. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2007;16(2):52-65.
19. 19. Dinç SY, Koçhan K, Zat Z. The Validity And Reliability of The Bedtime Procrastination Scale. IJHSSI 2016;5(9):57-62.
20. 20. Nebioğlu M, Konuk N, Akbaba S, Eroğlu Y. The investigation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1012; 22(4):340-51.
21. 21. Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001;2(4):297-307.
22. 22. Boysan M, Güleç M, Besiroglu L, Kalafat T. Psychometric properties of The Insomnia Severity Index in Turkish sample. Anatolia J Psychiatr 2010;11:248-52.
23. 23. Johnston R, Jones K, Manley D. Confounding and collinearity in regression analysis: a cautionary tale and an alternative procedure, illustrated by studies of British voting behaviour. Qual Quant 2018;52(4):1957-76.
24. 24. Harriott J, Ferrari JR. Prevalence of procrastination among samples of adults. Psychol Rep 1996;78(2):611–616.
25. 25. Hill VM, Rebar AL, Ferguson SA, Shriane AE, Vincent GE. Go to bed! A systematic review and meta-analysis of bedtime procrastination correlates and sleep outcomes. Sleep Med Rev 2022;66:101697.
26. 26. Mao B, Chen S, Wei M, Luo Y, Liu Y. Future Time Perspective and Bedtime Procrastination: The Mediating Role of Dual-Mode Self-Control and Problematic Smartphone Use. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(16):10334. 27. Fawns T. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder. Prim Care 2021;48(3):475-91.
27. 28. Nauts S, Kamphorst BA, Stut W, De Ridder DTD, Anderson JH. The Explanations People Give for Going to Bed Late: A Qualitative Study of the Varieties of Bedtime Procrastination. Behav Sleep Med 2019;17(6):753-62.
28. 29. Altgassen M, Scheres A, Edel MA. Prospective memory (partially) mediates the link between ADHD symptoms and procrastination. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2019;11(1):59-71.
29. 30. Bolden J, Fillauer JP. "Tomorrow is the busiest day of the week": Executive functions mediate the relation between procrastination and attention problems. J Am Coll Health 2020;68(8):854-863.
30. 31. Wynchank D, Bijlenga D, Beekman AT, Kooij JJS, Penninx BW. Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Insomnia: an Update of the Literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017;19(12):98.
31. 32. Magalhães P, Pereira B, Oliveira A, Santos D, Núñez JC, Rosário P. The Mediator Role of Routines on the Relationship between General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination and Perceived Importance of Sleep and Bedtime Procrastination. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(15):7796.
32. 33. Kadzikowska-Wrzosek R. Self-regulation and bedtime procrastination: the role of self-regulation skills and chronotype. Pers Indiv Differ 2018;128:10e5.
33. 34. Sirois FM, Nauts S, Molnar DS. Self-compassion and bedtime procrastination: an emotion regulation perspective. Mindfulness 2019;10(3):434e45.
34. 35. Exelmans L, Van den Bulck J. “Glued to the tube”: the interplay between selfcontrol, evening television viewing, and bedtime procrastination. Commun Res 2021;48(4):594e616.