Where is the Human Papillomavirus vaccine heading? A Review

Öz

DNA oncogenic viruses include Human papillomavirus that causes epithelial proliferation at cutaneous and mucosal surfaces. Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection. It spreads through contact between the skin or mucosa also enters the body through cutaneous or mucosal damage. Vertical transfer from mother to baby during birthing is a possibility but is uncommon. Human papillomavirus infection can result in cancer even though it is usually asymptomatic and readily treated by the immune system. Cancers of the head and neck mucosal regions, cervical, and anogenital areas are examples of malignant lesions associated with Human papillomavirus. It is also linked to non-cancerous disorders such recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and ano-genital warts. Globally, both men and women have an equal chance of contracting the infection at least once in their lifetime. The most important protection methods against Human papillomavirus are education and immunization. It is estimated that within a few decades, countries with effective national HPV vaccination programs will have eliminated cervical cancer. Cervical cancer remains a leading source of morbidity and mortality in underdeveloped countries without systematic screening and HPV immunization programs. In Turkey, cervical cancer screening is a routine procedure, and research is ongoing by the Ministry of Health to include Human papillomavirus vaccine in the national immunization schedule. In addition to discussing some of the challenges faced in achieving universal Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage and, consequently, the eradication of cervical cancer, this review seeks to increase awareness of efficiency, and safety of the Human papillomavirus vaccine.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Human papillomavirus
• cervical cancer
• HPV vaccines

Human Papillomavirus aşısı nereye koşuyor? Derleme

Öz

DNA onkojenik virüsleri arasında kutanöz ve mukozal yüzeylerde epitel proliferasyona neden olan Human papillomavirus bulunur. Human papillomavirus, cinsel yolla bulaşan en yaygın enfeksiyondur. Cilt veya mukoza arasındaki temas yoluyla yayılır, ayrıca kutanöz veya mukozal hasar yoluyla vücuda girer. Doğum sırasında anneden bebeğe dikey geçiş olasılığı vardır ancak, nadirdir. Genellikle asemptomatik olmasına ve bağışıklık sistemi tarafından kolayca bertaraf edilmesine rağmen kansere neden olabilir. Baş ve boyun mukozal bölgeleri, servikal ve anogenital bölgelerin kanserleri Human papillomavirus ile ilişkili kötü huylu lezyonlara örnektir. Ayrıca rekurren respiratuvar papillomatozis ve ano-genital siğiller gibi benign rahatsızlıklarla da bağlantılıdır. Hem erkekler hem de kadınlar yaşamları boyunca en az bir kez enfeksiyona yakalanma konusunda eşit riske sahiptir. Human papillomavirus’e karşı en önemli korunma yöntemleri eğitim ve aşılamadır. Birkaç on yıl içinde, etkili ulusal aşılama programları olan ülkelerin serviks kanserini ortadan kaldıracağı tahmin ediliyor. Serviks kanseri, sistematik tarama ve bağışıklama programları olmayan az gelişmiş ülkelerde önde gelen bir morbidite ve mortalite kaynağı olmaya devam etmektedir. Türkiye'de serviks kanseri taraması rutin bir işlemdir ve Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından ulusal aşılama takvimine Human papillomavirus aşısını dahil etmek için çalışmalar sürmektedir. Bu inceleme, evrensel Human papillomavirus aşılama kapsamına ulaşmada karşılaşılan zorluklardan bazılarını ve dolayısıyla serviks kanserinin ortadan kaldırılmasını tartışmanın yanı sıra, Human papillomavirus aşısının etkinliği ve güvenliği konusunda farkındalığı artırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Human papillomavirus
• serviks kanseri
• HPV aşıları

Kaynakça

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