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Normal Plasental Gelişim ve Plasental Disfonksiyon Triadı: Maternal ve Fetal Komplikasyonlar

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 183 - 190, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.562662

Öz

Bir yumurtanın sperm tarafından döllenmesinden, fetüsün
doğuşuna kadar önemli bir rol oynayan plasenta, 
fetüsün gelişimi için çok önemlidir. Plasenta olmadan, fetus anneden
gerekli besinleri ya da oksijeni alamaz ve toksik atıklardan kurtulamaz. Bu
geçici organın gerekliliği göz önüne alındığında, plasentanın yanlış oluşması
birçok sağlık sorununa neden olabilir. Fetal ve maternal dolaşım arasında
yaptığı temel bağlantı nedeniyle plasentada oluşacak bu komplikasyonların
fetusun yanı sıra anne üzerinde de etkisi vardır. Bozulmuş plasental fonksiyon
ile ilgili ana endişeler, yaygın olarak, plasental disfonksiyonun üçlüsü olarak
bilinir. Plasental disfonksiyon üçlüsünde preeklampsi, HELLP Sendromu ve IUBG (İntrauterin
Büyüme Geriliği) bulunur. Bu derlemenin amacı hem anne hem de fetüs için daha
iyi sonuçlara erişmek amacıyla plasental disfonksiyon üçlüsünü oluşturan
hastalıkların patogenezini, tanı ve öngörü kriterlerini ve tedavisini
araştırmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Cartwright, J. E., & Whitley, G. S. (2017). Strategies for investigating the maternal-fetal interface in the first trimester of pregnancy: What can we learn about pathology? Placenta,60, 2. Guttmacher, A., Maddox, Y., & Spong, C. (2014). The Human Placenta Project: Placental structure, development, and function in real time. Placenta,35(5), 303-304. 3. Hoffman, M. C., Rumer, K. K., Kramer, A., Lynch, A. M., & Winn, V. D. (2013). Maternal and fetal alternative complement pathway activation in early severe preeclampsia. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 71(1), 55-60. 4. Duhig, K., Vandermolen, B., & Shennan, A. (2018). Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia. F1000Research, 7, 242. 5. Savaj, S., & Vaziri, N. D. (2012). An Overview of Recent Advances in Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Preeclampsia. Iranian Journal of Kidney Disease, 6(5). Retrieved November 27, 2018, from http://www.ijkd.org/index.php/ijkd/article/view/860/444p 6. Weissgerber, T. L., & Mudd, L. M. (2015). Preeclampsia and diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 15(3), 9. 7. Martin, J. N., Blake, P. G., Perry, K. G., Mccaul, J. F., Hess, L. W., & Martin, R. W. (1991). The natural history of HELLP syndrome: Patterns of disease progression and regression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 164(6), 1500-1513 8. Martin, J. N., Blake, P. G., Perry, K. G., Mccaul, J. F., Hess, L. W., & Martin, R. W. (1991). The natural history of HELLP syndrome: Patterns of disease progression and regression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 164(6), 1500-1513. 9. Cakmak, B., Toprak, M., Nacar, M. C., & Karatas, A. (2013). Late Postpartum HELLP Syndrome 60 Hours after Delivery Associated with Mild Pre-eclampsia. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 7(12), 2998-9.
  • 10. Jebbink, J., Wolters, A., Fernando, F., Afink, G., Post, J. V., & Ris-Stalpers, C. (2012). Molecular genetics of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome — A review. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease,1822(12), 1960-1969. 11. Burton, G. J., Fowden, A. L., & Thornburg, K. L. (2016). Placental Origins of Chronic Disease. Physiological reviews, 96(4), 1509-65. 12. Guttmacher, A., Maddox, Y., & Spong, C. (2014). The Human Placenta Project: Placental structure, development, and function in real time. Placenta, 35(5), 303-304. 13. Soares, M. J., Iqbal, K., & Kozai, K. (2017). Hypoxia and Placental Development. Birth 14. Amaral, L. M., Wallace, K., Owens, M., & LaMarca, B. (2017). Pathophysiology and Current Clinical Management of Preeclampsia. Current hypertension reports, 19(8), 61. 15. Pinheiro, M. B., Carvalho, M. G., Martins-Filho, O. A., Freitas, L. G., Godoi, L. C., Alpoim, P. N., . 16. . . Dusse, L. M. (2014). Severe preeclampsia: Are hemostatic and inflammatory parameters associated? Clinica Chimica Acta,427, 65-70. 17. Uzan, J., Carbonnel, M., Piconne, O., Asmar, R., & Ayoubi, J. M. (2011). Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Vascular health and risk management, 7, 467-74. 18. Hladunewich, M., Karumanchi, S. A., & Lafayette, R. (2007). Pathophysiology of the Clinical Manifestations of Preeclampsia. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2(3), 543-549. 19. Cornette, J., Herzog, E., Buijs, E., Duvekot, J., Rizopoulos, D., Hop, W., . . . Steegers, E. (2013). Microcirculation in women with severe pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome: A case-control study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121(3), 363-370. 15 20. (2013). Epidemiology of preeclampsia: impact of obesity. Nutrition reviews, 71 Suppl 1(0 1), S18-25 21. Chaiworapongsa, T., Chaemsaithong, P., Korzeniewski, S. J., Yeo, L., & Romero, R. (2014). Pre-eclampsia part 2: prediction, prevention and management. Nature reviews. Nephrology, 10(9), 531-40. 22. Chaiworapongsa, T., Chaemsaithong, P., Yeo, L., & Romero, R. (2014). Pre-eclampsia part 1: current understanding of its pathophysiology. Nature reviews. Nephrology, 10(8), 466-80. 23. Steegers, E. A., Dadelszen, P. V., Duvekot, J. J., & Pijnenborg, R. (2010). Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet, 376(9741), 631-644. 24. Goel, A., Jamwal, K. D., Ramachandran, A., Balasubramanian, K. A., & Eapen, C. E. (2014). Pregnancy-Related Liver Disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 4(2), 151-162. 25. Hagmann, H., Thadhani, R., Benzing, T., Karumanchi, S. A., & Stepan, H. (2012). The Promise of Angiogenic Markers for the Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Preeclampsia. Clinical Chemistry, 58(5), 837-845. 26. Hund, M., Verhagen-Kamerbeek, W., Reim, M., Messinger, D., Does, R. V., & Stepan, H. (2015). Influence of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio on clinical decision-making in women with suspected preeclampsia – the PreOS study protocol. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 34(1), 102-115. 27. Redman, C. W., & Staff, A. C. (2015). Preeclampsia, biomarkers, syncytiotrophoblast stress, and placental capacity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,213(4). 16 28. Metz, T. D., Allshouse, A. A., Euser, A. G., & Heyborne, K. D. (2014). Preeclampsia in high risk women is characterized by risk group-specific abnormalities in serum biomarkers. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 211(5). 29. Amorim, M. M., Katz, L., Barros, A. S., Almeida, T. S., Souza, A. S., & Faúndes, A. (2014). Maternal outcomes according to mode of delivery in women with severe preeclampsia: A cohort study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine,28(6), 654-660. 30. Kinay, T., Kucuk, C., Kayikcioglu, F., & Karakaya, J. (2015). Severe Preeclampsia versus HELLP Syndrome: Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes at. Balkan Medical Journal,32(4), 359-363. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.15777 31. Herzog, E. M., Eggink, A. J., Reijnierse, A., Kerkhof, M. A., Krijger, R. R., Roks, A. J., . . . Steegers-Theunissen, R. P. (2017). Impact of early- and late-onset preeclampsia on features of placental and newborn vascular health. Placenta,49, 72-79. 32. Carter, E. B., Conner, S. N., Cahill, A. G., Rampersad, R., Macones, G. A., & Tuuli, M. G. (2017). Impact of fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes in women with severe preeclampsia. Pregnancy hypertension, 8, 21-25. 33. Dacaj, R., Izetbegovic, S., Stojkanovic, G., & Dreshaj, S. (2016). Elevated Liver Enzymes in Cases of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 70(1), 44-7 34. Bokslag, A., Weissenbruch, M. V., Mol, B. W., & Groot, C. J. (2016). Preeclampsia; short and long-term consequences for mother and neonate. Early Human Development, 102, 47- 50. 35. Berry, E. L., & Iqbal, S. N. (2014). HELLP Syndrome at 17 Weeks Gestation: A Rare and Catastrophic Phenomenon. Journal of Clinical Gynecology and Obstetrics,3(4), 147-150. 36. Haram, K., Mortensen, J. H., & Nagy, B. (2014). Genetic Aspects of Preeclampsia and the HELLP Syndrome. Journal of Pregnancy,2014, 1-13. 17 37. Rao, D., Chaudhari, N. K., Moore, R. M., & Jim, B. (2016). HELLP syndrome: a diagnostic conundrum with severe complications. BMJ case reports, 2016, bcr2016216802. 38. Haram, K., Svendsen, E., & Abildgaard, U. (2009). The HELLP syndrome: Clinical issues and management. A Review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth,9(1). 39. Weiner, E., Schreiber, L., Grinstein, E., Feldstein, O., Rymer-Haskel, N., Bar, J., & Kovo, M. (2016). The placental component and obstetric outcome in severe preeclampsia with and without HELLP syndrome. Placenta, 47, 99-104. 40. Turgut, A., Demirci, O., Demirci, E., & Uludoğan, M. (2010). Comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with HELLP syndrome and women with severe preeclampsia without HELLP syndrome. Journal of prenatal medicine, 4(3), 51-8. 41. Mihu, Dan, et al. “HELLP Syndrome - a Multisystemic Disorder.” Journal of Gastrointestinal Liver Diseases, 2007, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193124. 42. Abildgaard, U., & Heimdal, K. (2013). Pathogenesis of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP): A review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 166(2), 117-123. 43. Yang, L., Ren, C., Mao, M., & Cui, S. (2016). Prognostic Factors of the Efficacy of High- dose Corticosteroid Therapy in Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count Syndrome During Pregnancy. Medicine,95(13). 44. Mao, M., & Chen, C. (2015). Corticosteroid Therapy for Management of Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count (HELLP) Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 21, 3777-83. 45. Martin, J. N., Thigpen, B. D., Rose, C. H., Cushman, J., Moore, A., & May, W. L. (2003). Maternal benefit of high-dose intravenous corticosteroid therapy for HELLP syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,189(3), 830-834. 18 46. Lam, M. C., & Dierking, E. (2017). Intensive Care Unit issues in eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science, 7(3), 136. doi:10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_33_17 47. Thilaganathan, B. (2017). Placental syndromes: Getting to the heart of the matter. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 49(1), 7-9. 48. Manokhina, I., Wilson, S. L., & Robinson, W. P. (2015). Noninvasive nucleic acid–based approaches to monitor placental health and predict pregnancy-related complications. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,213(4). 49. Ruxandra, A. A., AF, A., VV, H., & IA, H. (november 18th, 2013). Predictive factors for intrauterine growth restriction. Journal of Medicine and Life,7(2). Retrieved November 25, 2018. 50. Benton, S. J., Mccowan, L. M., Heazell, A. E., Grynspan, D., Hutcheon, J. A., Senger, C., . . . Dadelszen, P. V. (2016). Placental growth factor as a marker of fetal growth restriction caused by placental dysfunction. Placenta,42, 1-8. 51. Mandò, C., Palma, C. D., Stampalija, T., Anelli, G. M., Figus, M., Novielli, C., . . . Cetin, I. (2014). Placental mitochondrial content and function in intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 306(4). 52. Levine, T. A., Grunau, R. E., Mcauliffe, F. M., Pinnamaneni, R., Foran, A., & Alderdice, F. A. (2014). Early Childhood Neurodevelopment After Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics, 135(1), 126-141. 53. Miller, S. L., Huppi, P. S., & Mallard, C. (2016). The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome. The Journal of Physiology,594(4), 807-823.

Normal Placental Development and the Triad of Placental Dysfunction: The Maternal and Fetal Complications

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 183 - 190, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.562662

Öz

The placenta is crucial to the development of a fetus, playing a vital role from fertilization of an egg by sperm until the delivery of the fetus. Without the placenta, the fetus would not receive essential nutrients or oxygen from the mother and be able to rid itself of toxic wastes. Given the necessity of this temporary organ, improper formation of the placenta can lead to many health problems. These complications have an effect on the mother as well as the fetus given the essential link the placenta makes between fetal and maternal circulation. The main concerns with impaired placental function are commonly known as the triad of placental dysfunction. The triad of placental dysfunction includes preeclampsia, HELLP Syndrome, and IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Restriction) . The purpose of this review article is to explore the pathogenesis, the diagnostic and predictive criteria, and treatment for the disorders composing the triad of placental dysfunction to allow better outcomes for both the mother and fetus.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Cartwright, J. E., & Whitley, G. S. (2017). Strategies for investigating the maternal-fetal interface in the first trimester of pregnancy: What can we learn about pathology? Placenta,60, 2. Guttmacher, A., Maddox, Y., & Spong, C. (2014). The Human Placenta Project: Placental structure, development, and function in real time. Placenta,35(5), 303-304. 3. Hoffman, M. C., Rumer, K. K., Kramer, A., Lynch, A. M., & Winn, V. D. (2013). Maternal and fetal alternative complement pathway activation in early severe preeclampsia. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 71(1), 55-60. 4. Duhig, K., Vandermolen, B., & Shennan, A. (2018). Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia. F1000Research, 7, 242. 5. Savaj, S., & Vaziri, N. D. (2012). An Overview of Recent Advances in Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Preeclampsia. Iranian Journal of Kidney Disease, 6(5). Retrieved November 27, 2018, from http://www.ijkd.org/index.php/ijkd/article/view/860/444p 6. Weissgerber, T. L., & Mudd, L. M. (2015). Preeclampsia and diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 15(3), 9. 7. Martin, J. N., Blake, P. G., Perry, K. G., Mccaul, J. F., Hess, L. W., & Martin, R. W. (1991). The natural history of HELLP syndrome: Patterns of disease progression and regression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 164(6), 1500-1513 8. Martin, J. N., Blake, P. G., Perry, K. G., Mccaul, J. F., Hess, L. W., & Martin, R. W. (1991). The natural history of HELLP syndrome: Patterns of disease progression and regression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 164(6), 1500-1513. 9. Cakmak, B., Toprak, M., Nacar, M. C., & Karatas, A. (2013). Late Postpartum HELLP Syndrome 60 Hours after Delivery Associated with Mild Pre-eclampsia. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 7(12), 2998-9.
  • 10. Jebbink, J., Wolters, A., Fernando, F., Afink, G., Post, J. V., & Ris-Stalpers, C. (2012). Molecular genetics of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome — A review. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease,1822(12), 1960-1969. 11. Burton, G. J., Fowden, A. L., & Thornburg, K. L. (2016). Placental Origins of Chronic Disease. Physiological reviews, 96(4), 1509-65. 12. Guttmacher, A., Maddox, Y., & Spong, C. (2014). The Human Placenta Project: Placental structure, development, and function in real time. Placenta, 35(5), 303-304. 13. Soares, M. J., Iqbal, K., & Kozai, K. (2017). Hypoxia and Placental Development. Birth 14. Amaral, L. M., Wallace, K., Owens, M., & LaMarca, B. (2017). Pathophysiology and Current Clinical Management of Preeclampsia. Current hypertension reports, 19(8), 61. 15. Pinheiro, M. B., Carvalho, M. G., Martins-Filho, O. A., Freitas, L. G., Godoi, L. C., Alpoim, P. N., . 16. . . Dusse, L. M. (2014). Severe preeclampsia: Are hemostatic and inflammatory parameters associated? Clinica Chimica Acta,427, 65-70. 17. Uzan, J., Carbonnel, M., Piconne, O., Asmar, R., & Ayoubi, J. M. (2011). Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Vascular health and risk management, 7, 467-74. 18. Hladunewich, M., Karumanchi, S. A., & Lafayette, R. (2007). Pathophysiology of the Clinical Manifestations of Preeclampsia. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2(3), 543-549. 19. Cornette, J., Herzog, E., Buijs, E., Duvekot, J., Rizopoulos, D., Hop, W., . . . Steegers, E. (2013). Microcirculation in women with severe pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome: A case-control study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121(3), 363-370. 15 20. (2013). Epidemiology of preeclampsia: impact of obesity. Nutrition reviews, 71 Suppl 1(0 1), S18-25 21. Chaiworapongsa, T., Chaemsaithong, P., Korzeniewski, S. J., Yeo, L., & Romero, R. (2014). Pre-eclampsia part 2: prediction, prevention and management. Nature reviews. Nephrology, 10(9), 531-40. 22. Chaiworapongsa, T., Chaemsaithong, P., Yeo, L., & Romero, R. (2014). Pre-eclampsia part 1: current understanding of its pathophysiology. Nature reviews. Nephrology, 10(8), 466-80. 23. Steegers, E. A., Dadelszen, P. V., Duvekot, J. J., & Pijnenborg, R. (2010). Pre-eclampsia. The Lancet, 376(9741), 631-644. 24. Goel, A., Jamwal, K. D., Ramachandran, A., Balasubramanian, K. A., & Eapen, C. E. (2014). Pregnancy-Related Liver Disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 4(2), 151-162. 25. Hagmann, H., Thadhani, R., Benzing, T., Karumanchi, S. A., & Stepan, H. (2012). The Promise of Angiogenic Markers for the Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Preeclampsia. Clinical Chemistry, 58(5), 837-845. 26. Hund, M., Verhagen-Kamerbeek, W., Reim, M., Messinger, D., Does, R. V., & Stepan, H. (2015). Influence of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio on clinical decision-making in women with suspected preeclampsia – the PreOS study protocol. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 34(1), 102-115. 27. Redman, C. W., & Staff, A. C. (2015). Preeclampsia, biomarkers, syncytiotrophoblast stress, and placental capacity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,213(4). 16 28. Metz, T. D., Allshouse, A. A., Euser, A. G., & Heyborne, K. D. (2014). Preeclampsia in high risk women is characterized by risk group-specific abnormalities in serum biomarkers. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 211(5). 29. Amorim, M. M., Katz, L., Barros, A. S., Almeida, T. S., Souza, A. S., & Faúndes, A. (2014). Maternal outcomes according to mode of delivery in women with severe preeclampsia: A cohort study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine,28(6), 654-660. 30. Kinay, T., Kucuk, C., Kayikcioglu, F., & Karakaya, J. (2015). Severe Preeclampsia versus HELLP Syndrome: Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes at. Balkan Medical Journal,32(4), 359-363. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.15777 31. Herzog, E. M., Eggink, A. J., Reijnierse, A., Kerkhof, M. A., Krijger, R. R., Roks, A. J., . . . Steegers-Theunissen, R. P. (2017). Impact of early- and late-onset preeclampsia on features of placental and newborn vascular health. Placenta,49, 72-79. 32. Carter, E. B., Conner, S. N., Cahill, A. G., Rampersad, R., Macones, G. A., & Tuuli, M. G. (2017). Impact of fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes in women with severe preeclampsia. Pregnancy hypertension, 8, 21-25. 33. Dacaj, R., Izetbegovic, S., Stojkanovic, G., & Dreshaj, S. (2016). Elevated Liver Enzymes in Cases of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 70(1), 44-7 34. Bokslag, A., Weissenbruch, M. V., Mol, B. W., & Groot, C. J. (2016). Preeclampsia; short and long-term consequences for mother and neonate. Early Human Development, 102, 47- 50. 35. Berry, E. L., & Iqbal, S. N. (2014). HELLP Syndrome at 17 Weeks Gestation: A Rare and Catastrophic Phenomenon. Journal of Clinical Gynecology and Obstetrics,3(4), 147-150. 36. Haram, K., Mortensen, J. H., & Nagy, B. (2014). Genetic Aspects of Preeclampsia and the HELLP Syndrome. Journal of Pregnancy,2014, 1-13. 17 37. Rao, D., Chaudhari, N. K., Moore, R. M., & Jim, B. (2016). HELLP syndrome: a diagnostic conundrum with severe complications. BMJ case reports, 2016, bcr2016216802. 38. Haram, K., Svendsen, E., & Abildgaard, U. (2009). The HELLP syndrome: Clinical issues and management. A Review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth,9(1). 39. Weiner, E., Schreiber, L., Grinstein, E., Feldstein, O., Rymer-Haskel, N., Bar, J., & Kovo, M. (2016). The placental component and obstetric outcome in severe preeclampsia with and without HELLP syndrome. Placenta, 47, 99-104. 40. Turgut, A., Demirci, O., Demirci, E., & Uludoğan, M. (2010). Comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with HELLP syndrome and women with severe preeclampsia without HELLP syndrome. Journal of prenatal medicine, 4(3), 51-8. 41. Mihu, Dan, et al. “HELLP Syndrome - a Multisystemic Disorder.” Journal of Gastrointestinal Liver Diseases, 2007, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18193124. 42. Abildgaard, U., & Heimdal, K. (2013). Pathogenesis of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP): A review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 166(2), 117-123. 43. Yang, L., Ren, C., Mao, M., & Cui, S. (2016). Prognostic Factors of the Efficacy of High- dose Corticosteroid Therapy in Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count Syndrome During Pregnancy. Medicine,95(13). 44. Mao, M., & Chen, C. (2015). Corticosteroid Therapy for Management of Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelet Count (HELLP) Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 21, 3777-83. 45. Martin, J. N., Thigpen, B. D., Rose, C. H., Cushman, J., Moore, A., & May, W. L. (2003). Maternal benefit of high-dose intravenous corticosteroid therapy for HELLP syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,189(3), 830-834. 18 46. Lam, M. C., & Dierking, E. (2017). Intensive Care Unit issues in eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science, 7(3), 136. doi:10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_33_17 47. Thilaganathan, B. (2017). Placental syndromes: Getting to the heart of the matter. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 49(1), 7-9. 48. Manokhina, I., Wilson, S. L., & Robinson, W. P. (2015). Noninvasive nucleic acid–based approaches to monitor placental health and predict pregnancy-related complications. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,213(4). 49. Ruxandra, A. A., AF, A., VV, H., & IA, H. (november 18th, 2013). Predictive factors for intrauterine growth restriction. Journal of Medicine and Life,7(2). Retrieved November 25, 2018. 50. Benton, S. J., Mccowan, L. M., Heazell, A. E., Grynspan, D., Hutcheon, J. A., Senger, C., . . . Dadelszen, P. V. (2016). Placental growth factor as a marker of fetal growth restriction caused by placental dysfunction. Placenta,42, 1-8. 51. Mandò, C., Palma, C. D., Stampalija, T., Anelli, G. M., Figus, M., Novielli, C., . . . Cetin, I. (2014). Placental mitochondrial content and function in intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 306(4). 52. Levine, T. A., Grunau, R. E., Mcauliffe, F. M., Pinnamaneni, R., Foran, A., & Alderdice, F. A. (2014). Early Childhood Neurodevelopment After Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics, 135(1), 126-141. 53. Miller, S. L., Huppi, P. S., & Mallard, C. (2016). The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome. The Journal of Physiology,594(4), 807-823.
Toplam 2 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Arielle Hough Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5685-8722

Sathees B Chandra 0000-0002-0702-8925

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2019
Kabul Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Hough A, Chandra SB. Normal Placental Development and the Triad of Placental Dysfunction: The Maternal and Fetal Complications. J Contemp Med. Haziran 2019;9(2):183-190. doi:10.16899/jcm.562662