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Retinitis Pigmentosa'nın Genetik ve Klinik Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5, 749 - 756, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1131536

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, coğrafi bölgemizdeki retinitis pigmentosa (RP) hastalığının en sık altta yatan genetik ve klinik etiyolojilerini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Arşivimizde 2015-2021 yılları arasında kliniğimize başvuran yaklaşık 3000 hasta bulunmaktadır. Kesin genetik tanısı olan yaklaşık 700 hastanın dosyaları geriye dönük olarak tarandı. Bu hastaların 22'sine kesin genetik tanı konuldu. Araştırmamız sırasında hastaların doğum öncesi, doğum ve doğum sonrası öyküleri, ameliyat ve nöbet öyküsü ve aile öyküsü gibi bazı klinik parametreleri topladık. Aile öyküsünde, en az 3 kuşak analizi ile ayrıntılı bir soyağacı yaptık, ebeveyn akrabalığını sorguladık, ailelerde benzer üyeler aradık ve bozukluklarının kalıtım kalıplarını belirledik. 3 kuşak pedigri çizdik ve hastalardan periferik venöz kan örnekleri topladık ve bunları gen panelleri veya WES için ticari bir laboratuvara gönderdik. Tüm hastaların kesin genetik tanısını aldıktan sonra sorguladığımız diğer parametreleri içeren bir tablo oluşturduk.
Bulgular: 1 ve 2 numaralı hastalarda WES analizimiz sonucunda homozigot c.1331_1332 dupAG/p. Hasta #2'nin POC1B geninde Thr445ArgfsTer10 Sınıf 2 varyantı tespit edildi.3 ve 4 numaralı hastaların RP panel 1 raporlarında ABCA4 (NM_000350) geninin 15. ekzonunda c.2254dupA (p.Ser752Lysfs*14) genomik değişikliği tespit edildi. Hasta 5, EYS c.4964T>C heterozigot. Hasta 6,. SEMA4A C.1168A>G (heterozigot). Hasta 7, SEMA4A C.1168A>G (heterozigot), RP1 c.5402C>T (heterozigot), CGNB1 c.1382C>T (heterozigot).Hasta #8, . SEMA4A genindeki p.Thr390Ala'nın (c.1168A>G) heterozigot değişimi mevcut.WES analizimiz sonucunda hasta #9'un RPGRIP1 geninde homozigot c.2021C>A/p.Pro674His Sınıf 2 varyantı tespit edildi. 10 numaralı hastanın NR2E3 geninde heterozigot c.119-2A>C Sınıf 1 mutasyonu tespit edildi. 11 numaralı hastada MFRP geninde homozigot c.271C>T/p.Gln91* Sınıf 1 mutasyonu tespit edildi.Hasta #12, 7-8 yaşlarında teşhis edildi. Ekzom dizileme sonuçlarına baktığımızda 13 numaralı hastanın CNGB1 geni c.413-1G>bir homozigot mutasyon tespit edildi.Hasta #14'ün ABCA4 geninde saptanan heterozigot p.Ser361Tyr (c.1082C>A) değişikliği saptandı.15 numaralı hastanın RHO geninde saptanan heterozigot p.Glu150Lys (c.448G>A) değişikliği, ClinVar veri tabanına ve in silico analizine göre patojenik olarak puanlandı. 16 numaralı hastada Ön tanı Bardet-Biedle Sendromu olarak konuldu.17 ve 18 numaralı hastaların RPE65 geninde p.Gly244Asp değişikliği saptandı. Hasta #19 ve hasta #20'nin otomatik DNA dizilimi, NR2E3 genlerinin kodlama dizisinde bir homozigot dizi varyasyonu, bir homozigot CGG>CAG nükleotid ikamesi ve Arg311Gln'nin bir amino asit değişimi ile sonuçlanır. 21 numaralı hastada (babalar) aynı gen bölgesinde heterozigot mutasyon tespit edildi. NR2E3'teki varyasyon, tam bir genotip olduğundan ve birçok yayınlanmış ailede RP ile güçlü bir şekilde ilişkili olduğundan, bu hastaların göz durumunun en olası nedenidir.22 numaralı hastanın BBS1 geninin bir alelinde (chr11:66.278.121-66.291.364 (13.2kb)/ISCN: seq [GRCH37]11q13.2(66.278). 121-66.291.364)x1) genetik sonuçlarda. Diğer alel heterozigot nokta mutasyonuna sahiptir (c.1424dupT p.Ser476fs-rs886039798).
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda da belirlendiği üzere hastalık birçok farklı genetik etiyoloji ile karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, genetik teste tabi tutulan hastalar hem SNP (tek nükleotid polimorfizmi) hem de CNV (kopya sayısı varyasyonu) açısından dikkatle incelenmelidir.Ayrıca genetik testler yapılmadan önce izole bir RP veya eşlik eden bir RP olup olmadığı iyi belirlenmelidir. Bu açıdan hastalar ayrıntılı bir anamnez ve fizik muayene yapılarak ve en az 3 kuşağı içeren soyağacı çizilerek değerlendirilmelidir. Bu nedenle retinitis pigmentosa anomalilerinin değerlendirilmesinde eşlik eden anormalliklerin de incelenmesi gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

Kaynakça

  • Rosenfeld PJ, Cowley GS, McGee TL, Sandberg MA, Berson EL, Dryja TP. A null mutation in the rhodopsin gene causes rod photoreceptor dysfunction and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet 1992;1(3):209-13.
  • Ott J, Bhattacharya S, Chen JD, et al. Localizing multiple X chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa loci using multilocus homogeneity tests. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990;87(2):701-4.
  • Flaxel CJ, Jay M, Thiselton DL, et al. Difference between RP2 and RP3 phenotypes in X linked retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83(10):1144-8.
  • Churchill JD, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, et al. Mutations in the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa genes RPGR and RP2 found in 8.5% of families with a provisional diagnosis of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(2):1411-6.
  • Narasimhan I, Murali A, Subramanian K, Ramalingam S, Parameswaran S. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa with toxic gain of function: Mechanisms and therapeutics. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021;31(2):304-20.
  • Jaissle GB, May CA, van de Pavert SA, et al. Bone spicule pigment formation in retinitis pigmentosa: insights from a mouse model. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010;248(8):1063-70.
  • Tsang SH, Sharma T. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Atlas Inherit Retin Dis. Published online 2018:69-77.
  • Daiger SP, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS. Genes and mutations causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015;5(10):a017129.
  • Hartong DT, Berson EL, Dryja TP. Retinitis pigmentosa. Lancet 2006;368(9549):1795-809.
  • O’Neal TB, Luther EE. Retinitis pigmentosa. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
  • Wang AL, Knight DK, Thanh-thao TV, Mehta MC. Retinitis pigmentosa: review of current treatment. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2019;59(1):263-80.
  • Sharon D, Ben‐Yosef T, Goldenberg‐Cohen N, et al. A nationwide genetic analysis of inherited retinal diseases in Israel as assessed by the Israeli inherited retinal disease consortium (IIRDC). Hum Mutat 2020;41(1):140-9.
  • Al-Bdour M, Pauleck S, Dardas Z, et al. Clinical heterogeneity in retinitis pigmentosa caused by variants in RP1 and RLBP1 in five extended consanguineous pedigrees. Mol Vis 2020;26:445.
  • Chatterjee S, Agrawal D, Agrawal D, Parchand SM, Sahu A. Cataract surgery in retinitis pigmentosa. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69(7):1753.
  • Knapp A. Cataract in retinitis pigmentosa; its pathology and treatment. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1918;16:59.
  • Heckenlively J. The frequency of posterior subcapsular cataract in the hereditary retinal degenerations. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93(6):733-8.
  • Pruett RC. Retinitis pigmentosa: clinical observations and correlations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1983;81:693.
  • Fishman GA, Anderson RJ, Lourenco P. Prevalence of posterior subcapsular lens opacities in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69(4):263-6.
  • Liew G, Strong S, Bradley P, et al. Prevalence of cystoid macular oedema, epiretinal membrane and cataract in retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 2019;103(8):1163-6.
  • Oomachi K, Ogata K, Sugawara T, Hagiwara A, Hata A, Yamamoto S. Evaluation of contrast visual acuity in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland, NZ) 2011;5:1459.
  • Blanco-Kelly F, García Hoyos M, Lopez Martinez MA, et al. Dominant retinitis pigmentosa, p. Gly56Arg mutation in NR2E3: Phenotype in a large cohort of 24 cases. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0149473.
  • Abid A, Ismail M, Mehdi SQ, Khaliq S. Identification of novel mutations in the SEMA4A gene associated with retinal degenerative diseases. J Med Genet 2006;43(4):378-81.
  • Sun Z, Yang L, Li H, et al. Clinical and genetic analysis of the ABCA4 gene associated retinal dystrophy in a large Chinese cohort. Exp Eye Res 2021;202:108389.
  • Issa PC, Reuter P, Kühlewein L, et al. Olfactory dysfunction in patients with CNGB1-associated retinitis pigmentosa. Jama Ophthalmol 2018;136(7):761-9.
  • Jauregui R, Park KS, Tsang SH. Two-year progression analysis of RPE65 autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmic Genet 2018;39(4):544-9.

Genetic and Clinical Evaluation of Retinitis Pigmentosa

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5, 749 - 756, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1131536

Öz

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common underlying genetic and clinical etiologies of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) disease in our geographical area.
Material and Method: In our archive, there are about 3000 patients who applied to our clinic between the years 2015-2021. The files of approximately 700 patients with a definitive genetic diagnosis were retrospectively scanned. A definitive genetic diagnosis was made in 22 of these patients. During our research, we collected some clinical parameters including the prenatal, natal, and postnatal history of the patients, history of surgery and seizures, and family history. In family history, we did a detailed pedigree with at least 3 generational analyses, questioned parental kinship, looked for similar members in families, and identified inheritance patterns of their disorder. We draw 3 generations pedigree and we collected peripheral venous blood samples from patients and sent them to a commercial lab for gene panels or WES. After obtaining the definitive genetic diagnosis of all patients, we compiled a table with the other parameters we questioned.
Results: As a result of our WES analysis in patients 1 and 2, homozygous c.1331_1332 dupAG/p. Thr445ArgfsTer10 Class 2 variant was detected in the POC1B gene of patient #2.In the RP panel 1 reports of patients 3 and 4, the genomic alteration of c.2254dupA (p.Ser752Lysfs*14) was detected in exon 15 of the ABCA4 (NM_000350) gene. Patient 5, EYS c.4964T>C heterozygous. Patient 6. SEMA4A C.1168A>G (heterozygous). Patient 7, SEMA4A C.1168A>G (heterozygous), RP1 c.5402C>T (heterozygous), CGNB1 c.1382C>T (heterozygous).Patient #8, . Heterozygous variation of p.Thr390Ala (c.1168A>G) in the SEMA4A gene is present.As a result of our WES analysis, a homozygous c.2021C>A/p.Pro674His Class 2 variant was detected in the RPGRIP1 gene of patient #9. Heterozygous c.119-2A>C Class 1 mutation was detected in the NR2E3 gene of patient 10. Homozygous c.271C>T/p.Gln91* Class 1 mutation was detected in the MFRP gene in patient 11. Patient #12 was diagnosed at the age of 7-8 years. When we look at the exome sequencing results, a homozygous mutation in the CNGB1 gene c.413-1G> of patient 13 was detected. Heterozygous p.Ser361Tyr (c.1082C>A) change detected in the ABCA4 gene of patient #14 was detected. The heterozygous p.Glu150Lys (c.448G>A) change detected in the RHO gene of patient #15 was pathogenic according to ClinVar database and in silico analysis. rated as. Prediagnosis was Bardet-Biedle Syndrome in patient 16. P.Gly244Asp change was detected in RPE65 gene of patients 17 and 18. Automated DNA sequencing of patient #19 and patient #20 results in a homozygous sequence variation in the coding sequence of the NR2E3 genes, a homozygous CGG>CAG nucleotide substitution, and an amino acid replacement of Arg311Gln. Heterozygous mutation was detected in the same gene region in patient 21 (fathers). Variation in NR2E3 is the most likely cause of these patients' eye condition, as it is a complete genotype and is strongly associated with RP in many published families. Genetic results on an allele of the BBS1 gene of patient 22 (chr11:66.278.121-66.291.364 (13.2kb)/ISCN: seq [GRCH37]11q13.2(66.278).121-66.291.364)x1). The other allele has a heterozygous point mutation (c.1424dupT p.Ser476fs-rs886039798).
Conclusıons: As determined in our study, the disease can be encountered with many different genetic etiologies. In this regard, patients undergoing genetic testing should be carefully examined for both SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and CNV (copy number variation).In addition, before genetic tests are performed, it should be well determined whether there is an isolated RP or an accompanying RP. In this respect, patients should be evaluated by making a detailed anamnesis and physical examination and drawing a pedigree containing at least 3 generations. Therefore, it was concluded that accompanying abnormalities should also be examined in the evaluation of retinitis pigmentosa anomalies.

Destekleyen Kurum

The study did not receive any financial support.

Kaynakça

  • Rosenfeld PJ, Cowley GS, McGee TL, Sandberg MA, Berson EL, Dryja TP. A null mutation in the rhodopsin gene causes rod photoreceptor dysfunction and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet 1992;1(3):209-13.
  • Ott J, Bhattacharya S, Chen JD, et al. Localizing multiple X chromosome-linked retinitis pigmentosa loci using multilocus homogeneity tests. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990;87(2):701-4.
  • Flaxel CJ, Jay M, Thiselton DL, et al. Difference between RP2 and RP3 phenotypes in X linked retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83(10):1144-8.
  • Churchill JD, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, et al. Mutations in the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa genes RPGR and RP2 found in 8.5% of families with a provisional diagnosis of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(2):1411-6.
  • Narasimhan I, Murali A, Subramanian K, Ramalingam S, Parameswaran S. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa with toxic gain of function: Mechanisms and therapeutics. Eur J Ophthalmol 2021;31(2):304-20.
  • Jaissle GB, May CA, van de Pavert SA, et al. Bone spicule pigment formation in retinitis pigmentosa: insights from a mouse model. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010;248(8):1063-70.
  • Tsang SH, Sharma T. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Atlas Inherit Retin Dis. Published online 2018:69-77.
  • Daiger SP, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS. Genes and mutations causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015;5(10):a017129.
  • Hartong DT, Berson EL, Dryja TP. Retinitis pigmentosa. Lancet 2006;368(9549):1795-809.
  • O’Neal TB, Luther EE. Retinitis pigmentosa. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2021.
  • Wang AL, Knight DK, Thanh-thao TV, Mehta MC. Retinitis pigmentosa: review of current treatment. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2019;59(1):263-80.
  • Sharon D, Ben‐Yosef T, Goldenberg‐Cohen N, et al. A nationwide genetic analysis of inherited retinal diseases in Israel as assessed by the Israeli inherited retinal disease consortium (IIRDC). Hum Mutat 2020;41(1):140-9.
  • Al-Bdour M, Pauleck S, Dardas Z, et al. Clinical heterogeneity in retinitis pigmentosa caused by variants in RP1 and RLBP1 in five extended consanguineous pedigrees. Mol Vis 2020;26:445.
  • Chatterjee S, Agrawal D, Agrawal D, Parchand SM, Sahu A. Cataract surgery in retinitis pigmentosa. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69(7):1753.
  • Knapp A. Cataract in retinitis pigmentosa; its pathology and treatment. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1918;16:59.
  • Heckenlively J. The frequency of posterior subcapsular cataract in the hereditary retinal degenerations. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93(6):733-8.
  • Pruett RC. Retinitis pigmentosa: clinical observations and correlations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1983;81:693.
  • Fishman GA, Anderson RJ, Lourenco P. Prevalence of posterior subcapsular lens opacities in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69(4):263-6.
  • Liew G, Strong S, Bradley P, et al. Prevalence of cystoid macular oedema, epiretinal membrane and cataract in retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 2019;103(8):1163-6.
  • Oomachi K, Ogata K, Sugawara T, Hagiwara A, Hata A, Yamamoto S. Evaluation of contrast visual acuity in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland, NZ) 2011;5:1459.
  • Blanco-Kelly F, García Hoyos M, Lopez Martinez MA, et al. Dominant retinitis pigmentosa, p. Gly56Arg mutation in NR2E3: Phenotype in a large cohort of 24 cases. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0149473.
  • Abid A, Ismail M, Mehdi SQ, Khaliq S. Identification of novel mutations in the SEMA4A gene associated with retinal degenerative diseases. J Med Genet 2006;43(4):378-81.
  • Sun Z, Yang L, Li H, et al. Clinical and genetic analysis of the ABCA4 gene associated retinal dystrophy in a large Chinese cohort. Exp Eye Res 2021;202:108389.
  • Issa PC, Reuter P, Kühlewein L, et al. Olfactory dysfunction in patients with CNGB1-associated retinitis pigmentosa. Jama Ophthalmol 2018;136(7):761-9.
  • Jauregui R, Park KS, Tsang SH. Two-year progression analysis of RPE65 autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmic Genet 2018;39(4):544-9.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Orjinal Araştırma
Yazarlar

Özgür Eroğul 0000-0002-0875-1517

Muhsin Elmas 0000-0002-5626-2160

Mustafa Doğan 0000-0001-7237-9847

Hamidu Hamisi Gobeka 0000-0002-7656-3155

Ayça Nur Demir 0000-0002-5009-2711

Leyla Eryiğit Eroğul 0000-0003-3622-2089

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

AMA Eroğul Ö, Elmas M, Doğan M, Gobeka HH, Demir AN, Eryiğit Eroğul L. Genetic and Clinical Evaluation of Retinitis Pigmentosa. J Contemp Med. Eylül 2022;12(5):749-756. doi:10.16899/jcm.1131536