Araştırma Makalesi

Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station

Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2 30 Eylül 2026
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Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station

Öz

Modern urban rail transport infrastructure projects are designed with the help of architectural designs that integrate different modes of transport and regulate multi-directional passenger flows, transfers, and passenger platform guidance mechanisms, etc. Railway system station areas have become increasingly complex spaces with diversified functionalities due to increasing passenger volumes. Quality, comfort, and performance-oriented transportation infrastructure designs significantly complicate the empirical study of crowd distribution models; this challenge is even more pronounced in structures where historical heritage must be preserved. Marmaray Sirkeci Railway Station area hosts a heterogeneous pedestrian profile due to its museums, waiting areas, tourist attractions, and its role as an integration point with high-density passenger circulation enabling intercontinental transit. To analyze these complex pedestrian dynamics, an object-oriented, agent-based cellular automata pedestrian simulation engine was developed in Python to investigate different travel behaviors. Pedestrian behavior patterns such as walking, waiting, queuing, and accumulating are spatially encoded in a layout plan using a 40 x 25 matrix structure, where each cell represents a spatial constraint. Multi-agent physical interactions, pedestrian accumulation changes, and spatial boundaries were modeled using the Manhattan Distance Function combined with directional floor areas and collision avoidance algorithms. Key findings from the simulation outputs, spatial density heat maps were used to evaluate critical operational transitions at ticket offices, main hall passages, and Marmaray entrance corridors. Consequently, the model outputs produced in this study allow for the proposal of feasible, long-term operational circulation arrangements, optimized ticketing layouts, and adaptable flow management strategies designed to maximize passenger comfort, reduce queue formation, and improve emergency evacuation safety while preserving the historical architectural integrity of the station for transportation infrastructure design and renovation phases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

The authors declare that this study is purely based on computer-generated agent-based simulation modeling and does not involve any human participants, biological samples, or animal experiments. Therefore, no formal ethical approval or institutional review board (IRB) clearance was required for this research.

Kaynakça

  1. Akdemir, G. (2019). Public interiority through urban mobility: Design approaches for railway stations in Istanbul. [Master’s thesis, Istanbul Technical University, (No: 570649), Institute of Social Sciences]. http://hdl.handle.net/11527/18201
  2. Alizadeh, R. (2011). A dynamic cellular automaton model for evacuation process with obstacles. Safety Science, 49(2), 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.09.006
  3. Blue, V. J., & Adler, J. L. (1998). Emergent fundamental pedestrian flows from cellular automata microsimulation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1644(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.3141/1644-04
  4. Burstedde, C., Klauck, K., Schadschneider, A. and Zittartz, J. (2001) Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 295(3-4), 507- 525. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(01)00141-8
  5. Chen, Y., Yao, J., Gao, C., & Guo, H. (2026). Pedestrian flow model based on cellular automata under visual trajectory and multi-scenario evacuation simulation research. Sensors, 26(5), 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26051405
  6. Delhoum, Y., Cardin, O., Nouiri, M., Harzallah, M. (2024). A microscopic public transportation simulation framework based on machine learning. Journal of Public Transportation, 26, 100103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubtr.2024.100103
  7. Du, Y., Aoki, T. & Fujiwara, N. (2025). A review of human mobility: Linking data, models, and real-world applications. Journal of Computational Social Science, 8, 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-025-00414-7.
  8. Enshan, C., van der Spek, S., Tian, A., Triggianese, M., van der Hoeven, F. (2025). Evaluate design principles for flexible use of railway station areas: Through research-by-design and agent-based simulation. Journal of Building Engineering, 112, 113775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113775.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Modelleme ve Simülasyon, Mimarlık ve Tasarımda Bilgi Teknolojileri

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

12 Haziran 2026

Kabul Tarihi

24 Ağustos 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Çalışkan, B. (2026). Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station. Journal of Computational Design, 7(2), 266-295. https://doi.org/10.53710/jcode.1969408
AMA
1.Çalışkan B. Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station. JCoDe. 2026;7(2):266-295. doi:10.53710/jcode.1969408
Chicago
Çalışkan, Berna. 2026. “Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station”. Journal of Computational Design 7 (2): 266-95. https://doi.org/10.53710/jcode.1969408.
EndNote
Çalışkan B (01 Eylül 2026) Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station. Journal of Computational Design 7 2 266–295.
IEEE
[1]B. Çalışkan, “Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station”, JCoDe, c. 7, sy 2, ss. 266–295, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.53710/jcode.1969408.
ISNAD
Çalışkan, Berna. “Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station”. Journal of Computational Design 7/2 (01 Eylül 2026): 266-295. https://doi.org/10.53710/jcode.1969408.
JAMA
1.Çalışkan B. Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station. JCoDe. 2026;7:266–295.
MLA
Çalışkan, Berna. “Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station”. Journal of Computational Design, c. 7, sy 2, Eylül 2026, ss. 266-95, doi:10.53710/jcode.1969408.
Vancouver
1.Berna Çalışkan. Multi-Directional Passenger Distribution and Pedestrian Simulation Within Heritage Transit Hubs: A Case Study of The Historical Marmaray Sirkeci Station. JCoDe. 01 Eylül 2026;7(2):266-95. doi:10.53710/jcode.1969408

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