Araştırma Makalesi
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A Theoretical Analysis of Syria’s Practice of Pan-Arabism (1946-1970): Weak State Theory and Praetorianism

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 237 - 246, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47138/jeaa.1817338

Öz

This article aims to examine how the tension between Arab identity and Syrian identity undermined the foundations of authority and contributed to persistent turmoil in Syria during the 1950s and 1960s. The creation of the United Arab Republic (UAR) in 1958 marked the peak and most tangible embodiment of Arab unity aspirations. Yet the UAR’s collapse in 1961, triggered by a Syrian military coup, exposed the profound tensions between competing supra-Arab aspirations and a specifically Syrian national project in a country that had previously been a driving force of the Arab unity movement. The path toward the formation of the UAR marked the peak of Pan-Arabism, while the experience of unity itself signaled the beginning of its decline. The article seeks to illuminate how competing conceptions of Arab and Syrian identity shaped political dynamics and to show how these rival ideological projects contributed to the UAR’s failure. It also investigates why the ideology of state-centered Syrian nationalism gained strength during and after the UAR period and why Syria’s political institutions proved so fragile. This historical episode is analyzed through the lenses of weak state theory and praetorianism. The article’s central conclusion is that the triumph of Syrian nationalism over Pan-Arabism resulted largely from Syria’s quest for legitimacy in its foreign policy and from the weakness of its domestic political institutions.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Jaber, Kamel. S. (1966). The Arab Ba’th Socialist Party: History, ideology, and organization. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Dawisha, Adeed. (2003). Arab nationalism in the twentieth century: From triumph to despair. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Dawn, Ernest. (1988). The formation of Pan-Arab ideology in the interwar years. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 20 (1), 67-91.
  • Devlin, John F. (1976). The Ba’th Party: A history from its origins to 1966. California: Hoover Institution Press.
  • Devlin, John F. (1991). The Baath Party: Rise and metamorphosis. The American Historical Review, 96 (5), 1396-1407.
  • Haim, Sylvia G. (Ed.). (1962). Arab Nationalism: An Anthology. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Hopwood, Derek. (1988). Syria 1945–1986: Politics and society. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. New Haven; London: Yale University Press.
  • Jankowski, Jan. (2002). Nasser’s Egypt, Arab nationalism, and the United Arab Republic. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
  • Kerr, Malcolm H. (1967). The Arab Cold War 1958-1967: A study of ideology in politics (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kienle, Eberhard. (1995). Arab unity, schemes revisited: Interest, identity, and policy in Syria and Egypt. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27 (1), 53-71.
  • Migdal. Joel S. (2001). State in society: Studying how states and societies transform and constitute one another. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Olson, Robert W. (1982). The Ba’th and Syria, 1947 to 1982 the evolution of ideology, party, and state: From the French Mandate to the era of Hafiz al-Asad. Princeton: The Kingston Press, Inc.
  • Özkoç, Özge. (2008). Suriye Baas Partisi: Kökenleri, Dönüşümü, İzlediği İç ve Dış Politika (1943-1991). Ankara: Mülkiyeliler Birliği Yayınları.
  • Palmer, Monte. (1966). The United Arab Republic: An assessment of its failure. Middle East Journal, 20 (1), 50-67.
  • Parker, J. S. F. (1962). The United Arab Republic. International Affairs, 38(1), 15-28.
  • Pipes, Daniel. (1990). Greater Syria: The history of ambition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Podeh, Elie. (1999). The decline of Arab unity: The rise and fall of the United Arab Republic. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
  • Rabinovich, Itamar. (1972). Syria under the Ba’th 1963-66: The army-party symbiosis. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press.
  • Seale, Patrick. (1987). The struggle for Syria: The study of post-war Arab politics 1945-1958 (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Tibi, Bassam. (1990). Arab nationalism: Between Islam and the nation-state. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Van Dam, Nikolaos. (1996). The struggle for power in Syria: Politics and society under Asad and the Ba’th Party. New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers.

Suriye’nin Pan-Arabizm Pratiğinin Teorik Analizi (1946-1970): Zayıf Devlet Teorisi ve Praetoryanizm

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 237 - 246, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47138/jeaa.1817338

Öz

Bu makalenin temel amacı, 1950’ler ve 1960’lar boyunca Suriye’de meşruiyet krizine ve siyasi istikrarsızlığa yol açan Araplık ile Suriyelilik arasındaki gerilimi incelemektir. 1958’de Suriye ile Mısır’ın birleşmesiyle kurulan Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti (BAC), Pan-Arabist rüyanın somut olarak hayata geçirilmiş hâliydi. Ancak, 1961’de Suriye’de gerçekleştirilen bir askerî darbe ile bu birliğin sona ermesi, Pan-Arabizm ile Suriye milliyetçiliği arasındaki çatışmayı, Pan-Arab hareketinin merkezinde yer almış bir ülkede açıkça ortaya koydu. Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmasına giden süreç Pan-Arabizmin zirvesini ifade ederken, bizzat birliğin deneyimi Arap milliyetçiliğinin gerilemeye başlamasının dönüm noktası olmuştur. Bu makale, Araplık ile Suriyelilik arasındaki gerilimi ve bu çatışan ideolojilerin BAC’ın başarısızlığındaki rolünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, BAC dönemi sırasında ve sonrasında devlet merkezli Suriye milliyetçiliğinin neden güç kazandığını ve Suriye’nin siyasi kurumlarının neden zayıf kaldığını irdelemektedir. Söz konusu dönem, zayıf devlet teorisi ve pretoriyenizm çerçevelerinden hareketle analiz edilmektedir. Makalenin en dikkat çekici bulgusu, Suriye milliyetçiliğinin Pan-Arabizm üzerindeki üstünlüğünün, Suriye’nin dış politikadaki meşruiyet arayışının ve iç politikada siyasi kurumların zayıflığının bir sonucu olduğudur.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Jaber, Kamel. S. (1966). The Arab Ba’th Socialist Party: History, ideology, and organization. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Dawisha, Adeed. (2003). Arab nationalism in the twentieth century: From triumph to despair. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Dawn, Ernest. (1988). The formation of Pan-Arab ideology in the interwar years. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 20 (1), 67-91.
  • Devlin, John F. (1976). The Ba’th Party: A history from its origins to 1966. California: Hoover Institution Press.
  • Devlin, John F. (1991). The Baath Party: Rise and metamorphosis. The American Historical Review, 96 (5), 1396-1407.
  • Haim, Sylvia G. (Ed.). (1962). Arab Nationalism: An Anthology. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Hopwood, Derek. (1988). Syria 1945–1986: Politics and society. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. New Haven; London: Yale University Press.
  • Jankowski, Jan. (2002). Nasser’s Egypt, Arab nationalism, and the United Arab Republic. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
  • Kerr, Malcolm H. (1967). The Arab Cold War 1958-1967: A study of ideology in politics (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kienle, Eberhard. (1995). Arab unity, schemes revisited: Interest, identity, and policy in Syria and Egypt. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 27 (1), 53-71.
  • Migdal. Joel S. (2001). State in society: Studying how states and societies transform and constitute one another. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Olson, Robert W. (1982). The Ba’th and Syria, 1947 to 1982 the evolution of ideology, party, and state: From the French Mandate to the era of Hafiz al-Asad. Princeton: The Kingston Press, Inc.
  • Özkoç, Özge. (2008). Suriye Baas Partisi: Kökenleri, Dönüşümü, İzlediği İç ve Dış Politika (1943-1991). Ankara: Mülkiyeliler Birliği Yayınları.
  • Palmer, Monte. (1966). The United Arab Republic: An assessment of its failure. Middle East Journal, 20 (1), 50-67.
  • Parker, J. S. F. (1962). The United Arab Republic. International Affairs, 38(1), 15-28.
  • Pipes, Daniel. (1990). Greater Syria: The history of ambition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Podeh, Elie. (1999). The decline of Arab unity: The rise and fall of the United Arab Republic. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
  • Rabinovich, Itamar. (1972). Syria under the Ba’th 1963-66: The army-party symbiosis. Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press.
  • Seale, Patrick. (1987). The struggle for Syria: The study of post-war Arab politics 1945-1958 (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Tibi, Bassam. (1990). Arab nationalism: Between Islam and the nation-state. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Van Dam, Nikolaos. (1996). The struggle for power in Syria: Politics and society under Asad and the Ba’th Party. New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Çağla Mavruk 0000-0003-1079-8442

Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 14 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mavruk, Ç. (2025). Suriye’nin Pan-Arabizm Pratiğinin Teorik Analizi (1946-1970): Zayıf Devlet Teorisi ve Praetoryanizm. İktisadi ve İdari Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 7(2), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.47138/jeaa.1817338

İktisadi ve İdari Yaklaşımlar Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.