PROAKTİF DAVRANIŞLARIN KAVRAMSAL ANALİZİ: BİREYSEL VE ÖRGÜTSEL BAĞLAMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, birincil odak noktası proaktif davranış olmak üzere, örgütsel ortamlarda proaktif, interaktif, inaktif ve reaktif davranışların kavramsal çerçevesi incelenmektedir. Proaktif davranışların kökenleri, boyutları ve çıkarımları araştırılarak, liderlik, ekip dinamikleri, inovasyon ve strateji oluşturmada oynadıkları farklı roller vurgulanmıştır. Araştırma, bireysel ve bağlamsal faktörlerin proaktif eylemlere nasıl katkıda bulunduğunu ve bunların örgütsel sonuçlar üzerindeki müteakip etkilerini belirlemektedir. Çalışma, proaktifliğin stratejik avantajlarını vurgulayarak, çatışma ve kaynak zorluğu gibi potansiyel zorluklarını da yer vermektedir. Çeşitli alanlardan gelen içgörüleri bütünleştirerek, bu çalışma örgütlerdeki davranışsal çeşitliliğin altını çizerek proaktif davranışın değişimi, inovasyonu ve başarıyı yönlendirmedeki kritik rolünü ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Proaktif Davranışlar
• Liderlik
• Yenilik
• Ek Rol Davranışı
• Rol Genişliği Öz Yeterlilik

A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF PROACTIVE BEHAVIORS: IMPACTS ON INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXTS

Öz

This study examines the conceptual framework of proactive, interactive, inactive, and reactive behaviors in organizational settings, with a primary focus on proactive behavior. It investigates the origins, dimensions, and implications of proactive behaviors, highlighting the distinct roles they play in leadership, team dynamics, innovation, and strategy formation. The research identifies how individual and contextual factors contribute to proactive actions and their subsequent impact on organizational outcomes. Emphasizing the strategic advantages of proactivity, the study also acknowledges its potential challenges, such as conflict and resource strain. By integrating insights from various domains, this work advances the understanding of behavioral diversity in organizations and underscores the critical role of proactive behavior in driving change, innovation, and success.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Proactive Behaviors
• Leadership
• Innovation
• Extra Role Behavior
• Role Breadth Self-Efficacy

Kaynakça

1. Artan, İnci. 1999. “Liderlik [Leadership]”, Davranışlarımızdan Seçmeler (Örgütsel Yaklaşım), Suna Tevrüz, İnci Artan, Tülay Bozkurt(drl). 1. Basım, Beta.
2. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
3. Bateman, Thomas S. ve Crant, J. Michael. 1993. The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14: 103-118.
4. Bateman, Thomas S. ve Crant, J. Michael. 1999. Proactive Behavior: Meaning, Impact, and Recommendations. Business Horizons, May-June: 63-70.
5. Becherer, R. C. ve Maurer, J. G. 1999. The Proactive Personality Disposition and Entrepreneurial Behavior Among Small Company Presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 38 (1): 28-36.
6. Belschak F. D., Den Hartog D. N. (2017) Foci of proactive behavior. In: Parker SK, Bindl UK (eds) Proactivity at Work: Making Things Happen in Organizations. New York: Routledge, 169–189.
7. Brazeal, D. ve Herbert, T. 1999. The Genesis of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 23: 29-46.
8. Claes, R.; Beheydt, C. ve Lemmens, B. 2005. Unidimensionality of Abbreviated Proactive Personality Scales Across Cultures, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54 (4): 476–489.

9. Clarkson, M. B. A Stakeholder Framework For Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance. Academy of Management Review, 20 (1): 92-117.
10. Conger, J. A. ve Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a Behavioral Theory of Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings, Academy of Management Review, 12: 637-647.
11. Covin, J. G., Slevin D. P. 1989. Strategic Management Of Small Firms in Hostile And Benign Environments, Strategic Management Journal, 10(1): 75–87.
12. Crant, J. M. ve Bateman, T. S. 2000. Charismatic Leadership Viewed From Above: The Impact of Proactive Personality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21: 63-75.
13. Crant, J. M. 1995. The Proactive Personality Scale and Objective Job Performance Among Real Estate Agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80: 532-537.
14. Crant, J. M. 1996. The Proactive Personality Scale As a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Small Business Management. 34 (3): 42-49.
15. Crant, J. M. 2000. Proactive Behavior in Organizations. Journal of Management, 26 (3): 435-462.
16. Deluga, R. 1998. American Presidential Proactivity, Charismatic Leadership, and Rated Performance. Leaderhip Quarterly, 9: 265-291.
17. Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012). When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024903
18. Frankl, V. E. (1946), "Man's Search for Meaning", Beacon Press.
19. Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., ve Zempel, J. 1996. Personal Initiative at Work: Differences Between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 37-63.
20. Frese, M.. Fay, D., Hilburger. T.. Leng, K., ve Tag, A. 1997. The Concept of Personal Initiative: Operationalization, Reliability and Validity in Two German Samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70: 139-161.
21. Frese, M., ve Fay, D. (2001). Personal Initiative: An active Performance Concept For Work In The 21st. Century. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23: 133–188.
22. Gibson, J. L.; Ivanchevich, J. M.; Donnely, J. H. ve Konopaske, R. 2009. Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes. 13. Baskı, McGraw Hill.
23. Grant, A. M., Parker, S., & Collins, C. (2009). Getting credit for proactive behavior: Supervisor reactions depend on what you value and how you feel. Personnel Psychology, 62(1), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.01128.x
24. Gupta, V. K., ve Bhawe, N. M. 2007. The Influence of Proactive Personality and Stereotype Threat on Women’s Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13 (4): 73-85.
25. Hamel, G. ve Prahalad C. K. 1994. Competing for the Future. Harvard Business Review, July-August: 122-128.
26. Hwang, P. C., Han, M. C., & Chiu, S. F. (2015). Role Breadth Self-Efficacy and Foci of Proactive Behavior: Moderating Role of Collective, Relational, and Individual Self-Concept. The Journal of Psychology, 149(8), 846–865. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2014.985284
27. Hyatt, D. E.; ve Ruddy, T. M. 1997. An Examination Of The Relationship Between Work Group Characteristics And Performance: Once More Into The Breech. Personel Psycbology: 50: 553-585.
28. Iawahar, I. M.; ve McLaughlin, G. L. 2001. Toward A Descriptive Stakeholder Theory: An Organizational Life Cycle Approach. Academy ot Management Review, 26 (3): 397-414.
29. Kinicki, A. ve Kreitner, R. 2008. Organizational Behavior. 3. Baskı, New York: McGraw Hill.
30. Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. 1999. Beyond Self-management: Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 58-74.
31. Koçel, T. 2007. İşletme Yöneticiliği [Business Management], 11. Baskı, İstanbul: Arıkan.
32. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. Ve Goldsby, M. G. 2007. The Relationship of Stakeholder Salience, Organizational Posture, and Entrepreneurial Intensity to Corporate Entrepreneurship. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13 (4): 56-72.
33. Larson, L.; Bussom, R. S.; Vicars, W.; ve Jauch, L. 1986. Proactive Versus Reactive Manager: Is the Dichotomy Realistic?. Journal of Management Studies, 23 (3): 385-400.
34. Li Lingling, Huang G. (2021). “Advantages and disadvantages” of individual proactive behavior in organizations. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(8): 1484-1496.
35. Luthans, F. 1995. Organizational Behavior, 7.Baskı, McGraw-Hill.
36. Maan, A. T., Abid, G., Butt, T. H., Ashfaq, F., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Perceived Organizational Support and Job Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Model of Proactive Personality and Psychological Empowerment. Future Business Journal, 6, Article No. 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00027-8
37. Morrison, E. M.; ve Phelps, C. C. 1999. Taking Charge At Work: Extrarole Efforts To Initiate Workplace Change. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 403–419.
38. Newstrom, John W., Davis, Keith (1993); Organizational Behavior-Human Behavior at Work, 9. Edition, McGraw-Hill.
39. Offermann, L. R.; Schroyer, C. J.; ve Gren, S. K. 1998. Leader Attributions for Subordinate Performance: Consequences for Subsequent Leader Interactive Behaviors and Ratings’. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28 (13): 1125-1139.
40. Ohly, S.; ve Fritz, C. 2007. Challenging The Status Quo: What Motivates Proactive Behaviour?. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80: 623–629.
41. Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking Stock: Integrating and Differentiating Multiple Proactive Behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308321554
42. Parker, S. K.; Williams, E. S.; ve Turner, N. 2006. Modeling The Antecedents of Proactive Behavior At Work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 636–652.
43. Parker, S. K. 1998. Enhancing Role Breadth Self-efficacy: The Roles of Job Enrichment and Other Organizational Interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 835–852.
44. Parker, S. K. (2000). From Passive to Proactive Motivation: The Importance of Flexible Role
45. Orientation and Role Breadth Self-efficacy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49: 447–469. Pfeffer, J. 1999. Güç Merkezli Yönetim, İstanbul: Boyner Holding Yayınları.
46. Robbins, Stephen P. 1998. Organizational Behavior:Concepts, Controversies, Applications, 8.Baskı, Prentice-Hall: New Jersey. Seibert, S. E; Kraimer, M. L. ve Crant, J. M. 2001. What Do Proactive People Do? A Longitudinal Model Linking Proactive Personality and Career Succcess. Personel Psychology, 54: 845-874.
47. Spychala, A. & Sonnentag, S. (2011). The dark and the bright sides of proactive work behaviour and situational constraints: Longitudinal relationships with task conflicts. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 20. 654-680. 10.1080/1359432X.2010.487646.
48. Stupak, R. J. ve Leitner, P. M. 2001. Managers and Leaders: An Active Strategy for Understanding and Using Power. Journal of Power and Ethics, 2 (2): 130-143.
49. Thompson, A. ve Strickland, A. J. 1999. Strategic Management, Concept and Cases, 11. Baskı, McGraw-Hill International Edition. Fletcher, T. D.; Major, D. A.; Turner, J. E. 2006. Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (4): 927–935. Ülgen H., Mirze, S.K. 2004. İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim [Strategic Management in Businesses]. 3. Baskı, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık. Wheelen T. L. Ve Hunger, J. D. 1998. Strategic Management and Business Policy, 6. Baskı, Addison-Weskey.