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TÜRKİYE’NİN ALTIN İTHALATI VE MAKROEKONOMİK KIRILGANLIKLAR: 1995–2024 DÖNEMİ İÇİN KARŞI-OLGUSAL BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 310 - 346, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1770452

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin 1995–2024 döneminde gerçekleştirdiği toplam 251,9 milyar USD tutarındaki altın ithalatının makroekonomik etkilerini karşı-olgusal senaryo yaklaşımıyla incelemektedir. Varsayımsal olarak altın ithalatının sıfıra yakın düzeyde tutulduğu bir senaryoda Türkiye’nin döviz rezervleri, cari işlemler dengesi ve döviz kuru gibi temel göstergelerinin nasıl şekilleneceği analiz edilmiştir. Yıllık altın ithalat verileri üzerinden geliştirilen senaryo modeli, ortalama 8,4 milyar USD’lik potansiyel yıllık döviz tasarrufunu ortaya koymakta; ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) ve TVP-VAR (Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression) modelleri ise parasal dengenin bu değişimlere verdiği tepkileri göstermektedir. Bulgular, altın ithalatının üretime dönmeyen yapısıyla sistemik bir döviz sızıntısı oluşturduğunu, kur istikrarsızlığını artırdığını ve parasal aktarım mekanizmasını zayıflattığını ortaya koymaktadır. Politika önerileri, ithalat regülasyonlarının güçlendirilmesi, yerli altın arzının teşviki ve rezerv yönetiminin yeniden yapılandırılması üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aizenman, J., & Inoue, K. (2013). Central banks and gold puzzles. Journal of International Money and Finance, 38, 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.08.001
  • Akyol, M., & Kaya, H. (2024). The impact of gold imports on exchange rate volatility in Turkey: A structural VAR approach. Economic Systems, 48(2), 101123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2024.101123
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2011). Applied econometrics (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Balcılar, M., Gupta, R., & Wohar, M. E. (2020). The role of gold in forecasting exchange rates: Evidence from time-varying parameters. International Review of Economics & Finance, 70, 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.07.006
  • Baur, D. G., & Lucey, B. M. (2010). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00244.x
  • Beckmann, J., Berger, T., & Czudaj, R. (2020). Gold as an inflation hedge in a time-varying coefficient framework. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 51, 101083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2019.101083
  • Borsa İstanbul Kıymetli Madenler ve Taşlar Piyasası (BIST KMTP). (2024). Altın ithalatı verileri. https://www.borsaistanbul.com
  • Bouri, E., Jain, A., & Roubaud, D. (2022). Precious metals and the stability of emerging markets: Safe haven or source of volatility? Emerging Markets Review, 53, 100845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2022.100845
  • Breitung, J., & Pesaran, M. H. (2008). Unit roots and cointegration in panels. In L. Mátyás & P. Sevestre (Eds.), The econometrics of panel data (pp. 279–322). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75892-1_9
  • Cömert, H., & Yeldan, E. (2011). The global crisis and the Turkish economy. PERI Working Paper Series, 244. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1904287
  • Demirhan, E., & Demirhan, B. (2017). Altın fiyatları, döviz kuru ve BIST altın endeksi ilişkisi. Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, 31(110), 87–106.
  • Enders, W. (2014). Applied econometric time series (4th ed.). Wiley.
  • Erbaykal, E., & Okuyan, H. A. (2008). Döviz kuru ile cari işlemler dengesi arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: Türkiye örneği. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 15–26.
  • Gencer, H. G. (2015). Altın talebini etkileyen makroekonomik faktörlerin analizi: Türkiye örneği. Maliye Dergisi, 168, 99–116.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, 16(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90079-8
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Hamilton, J. D. (1994). Time series analysis. Princeton University Press.
  • IMF. (2023). Turkey: Selected issues. International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 23/xxx. https://www.imf.org
  • Kitco Metals Inc. (2024). Historical gold prices. https://www.kitco.com
  • Kiliç, R., & Yilmaz, K. (2021). Safe haven and hedge properties of precious metals during COVID-19. Finance Research Letters, 43, 101979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.101979
  • Koop, G., Leon-Gonzalez, R., & Strachan, R. W. (2009). On the evolution of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 33(4), 997–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2008.08.002
  • Lütkepohl, H. (2005). New introduction to multiple time series analysis. Springer.
  • OECD. (2022). Environmental risks of gold mining in emerging economies. OECD Publishing.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In S. Strom (Ed.), Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium (pp. 371–413). Cambridge University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Primiceri, G. (2005). Time varying structural vector autoregressions and monetary policy. Review of Economic Studies, 72(3), 821–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2005.00353.x
  • Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2009). This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton University Press.
  • Sarı, R., & Soytaş, U. (2007). The relationship between stock returns, crude oil prices, interest rates, and output: Evidence from a developing economy. The Empirical Economics Letters, 6(3), 179–192.
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2001). Vector autoregressions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 101–115.
  • T.C. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. (2023). Dış borç ve cari denge göstergeleri. https://hmb.gov.tr
  • Tsay, R. S. (2013). Multivariate time series analysis: With R and financial applications (2nd ed.). Wiley.
  • TÜİK. (2024). Dış ticaret istatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB). (2024). Elektronik veri dağıtım sistemi (EVDS). https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr
  • Usta, H. G., & Karagöl, V. (2012). Türkiye’de cari açığın belirleyicileri: Zaman serisi analizi. Sosyoekonomi, 20(1), 145–162.
  • World Bank. (2024). World development indicators. https://data.worldbank.org
  • World Gold Council. (2023). Gold demand trends report. https://www.gold.org
  • Yücel, M. E. (2013). Altın, döviz kuru ve faiz oranı ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir analiz. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 28(326), 9–28.

TURKEY’S GOLD IMPORTS AND MACROECONOMİC VULNERABİLİTİES: A COUNTERFACTUAL ANALYSİS FOR THE 1995–2024 PERİOD

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 310 - 346, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1770452

Öz

This study analyzes the macroeconomic implications of Turkey’s gold imports—totaling USD 251.9 billion between 1995 and 2024—through a counterfactual scenario. It assumes that gold imports were constrained to near-zero levels and investigates how such a policy could have influenced reserves, the current account balance, and the exchange rate. A simulation model built on annual gold import data reveals an average potential saving of USD 8.4 billion per year. ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) and TVP-VAR (Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression) estimations further illustrate how monetary equilibrium would respond to these changes. Findings suggest that gold imports function as a systemic foreign exchange leakage, undermine monetary transmission, and intensify exchange rate volatility. Policy implications emphasize import regulation, the promotion of domestic gold supply, and strategic reserve management.

Kaynakça

  • Aizenman, J., & Inoue, K. (2013). Central banks and gold puzzles. Journal of International Money and Finance, 38, 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.08.001
  • Akyol, M., & Kaya, H. (2024). The impact of gold imports on exchange rate volatility in Turkey: A structural VAR approach. Economic Systems, 48(2), 101123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2024.101123
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2011). Applied econometrics (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Balcılar, M., Gupta, R., & Wohar, M. E. (2020). The role of gold in forecasting exchange rates: Evidence from time-varying parameters. International Review of Economics & Finance, 70, 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2020.07.006
  • Baur, D. G., & Lucey, B. M. (2010). Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An analysis of stocks, bonds and gold. Financial Review, 45(2), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2010.00244.x
  • Beckmann, J., Berger, T., & Czudaj, R. (2020). Gold as an inflation hedge in a time-varying coefficient framework. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 51, 101083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2019.101083
  • Borsa İstanbul Kıymetli Madenler ve Taşlar Piyasası (BIST KMTP). (2024). Altın ithalatı verileri. https://www.borsaistanbul.com
  • Bouri, E., Jain, A., & Roubaud, D. (2022). Precious metals and the stability of emerging markets: Safe haven or source of volatility? Emerging Markets Review, 53, 100845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2022.100845
  • Breitung, J., & Pesaran, M. H. (2008). Unit roots and cointegration in panels. In L. Mátyás & P. Sevestre (Eds.), The econometrics of panel data (pp. 279–322). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75892-1_9
  • Cömert, H., & Yeldan, E. (2011). The global crisis and the Turkish economy. PERI Working Paper Series, 244. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1904287
  • Demirhan, E., & Demirhan, B. (2017). Altın fiyatları, döviz kuru ve BIST altın endeksi ilişkisi. Maliye ve Finans Yazıları, 31(110), 87–106.
  • Enders, W. (2014). Applied econometric time series (4th ed.). Wiley.
  • Erbaykal, E., & Okuyan, H. A. (2008). Döviz kuru ile cari işlemler dengesi arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: Türkiye örneği. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(8), 15–26.
  • Gencer, H. G. (2015). Altın talebini etkileyen makroekonomik faktörlerin analizi: Türkiye örneği. Maliye Dergisi, 168, 99–116.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, 16(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90079-8
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Hamilton, J. D. (1994). Time series analysis. Princeton University Press.
  • IMF. (2023). Turkey: Selected issues. International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 23/xxx. https://www.imf.org
  • Kitco Metals Inc. (2024). Historical gold prices. https://www.kitco.com
  • Kiliç, R., & Yilmaz, K. (2021). Safe haven and hedge properties of precious metals during COVID-19. Finance Research Letters, 43, 101979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.101979
  • Koop, G., Leon-Gonzalez, R., & Strachan, R. W. (2009). On the evolution of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 33(4), 997–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2008.08.002
  • Lütkepohl, H. (2005). New introduction to multiple time series analysis. Springer.
  • OECD. (2022). Environmental risks of gold mining in emerging economies. OECD Publishing.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In S. Strom (Ed.), Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium (pp. 371–413). Cambridge University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Primiceri, G. (2005). Time varying structural vector autoregressions and monetary policy. Review of Economic Studies, 72(3), 821–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2005.00353.x
  • Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2009). This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton University Press.
  • Sarı, R., & Soytaş, U. (2007). The relationship between stock returns, crude oil prices, interest rates, and output: Evidence from a developing economy. The Empirical Economics Letters, 6(3), 179–192.
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (2001). Vector autoregressions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 101–115.
  • T.C. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. (2023). Dış borç ve cari denge göstergeleri. https://hmb.gov.tr
  • Tsay, R. S. (2013). Multivariate time series analysis: With R and financial applications (2nd ed.). Wiley.
  • TÜİK. (2024). Dış ticaret istatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB). (2024). Elektronik veri dağıtım sistemi (EVDS). https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr
  • Usta, H. G., & Karagöl, V. (2012). Türkiye’de cari açığın belirleyicileri: Zaman serisi analizi. Sosyoekonomi, 20(1), 145–162.
  • World Bank. (2024). World development indicators. https://data.worldbank.org
  • World Gold Council. (2023). Gold demand trends report. https://www.gold.org
  • Yücel, M. E. (2013). Altın, döviz kuru ve faiz oranı ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir analiz. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 28(326), 9–28.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Metin Duyar 0000-0003-4326-608X

Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Duyar, M. (2025). TÜRKİYE’NİN ALTIN İTHALATI VE MAKROEKONOMİK KIRILGANLIKLAR: 1995–2024 DÖNEMİ İÇİN KARŞI-OLGUSAL BİR ANALİZ. Journal of Economics Business and International Relations-JEBI, 4(2), 310-346. https://doi.org/10.58654/jebi.1770452

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T.C.İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi

jebi@iku.edu.tr