Traditional Treatment of Tuju Disease (Rheumatism) in Lontar Usada Based on Bali Local Wisdom

Öz

Traditional medicine is a nation's culture that needs to be preserved. Globalization has caused some people to use traditional medicine as alternative medicine, especially in the province of Bali, Indonesia, which is familiar with the term usada. This study aims to identify the traditional treatment of tuju (Rheumatic) diseases in lontar usada based on the local Wisdom of Bali. Literature studies were used in the study. Identification was made by analyzing lontar, books, and journals discussing related diseases. The results obtained by traditional medicine have become a cultural heritage reflected in the existence of lontar (Hindu cultural records), which contain types of diseases, medicines from diseases, traditional materials, and procedures for making and presenting traditional medicine. There are thirteen types of diseases and characteristics of diseases in lontar usada. There are four ways traditional health workers acquire their expertise, including Balian Kapican, Balian Katakson, Balian Usada, and Balian Campuran. In traditional medicine practice, rheumatic diseases have three treatment techniques, namely massage (uut), inner energy, and the provision of medicinal herbs. The species of herbs used are Tangerine (Citrus nobilis), Awar-awar (Ficus septica), Jeruju or daruju (Acanthus icifolius L.), Buu Plant, Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb), Ki Encok (Plumbago zeylanica L.), Tri Ketuka (kesuna, Jangu, mesui), and Sindrong Jangkep (spices). Usada needs to be preserved as a local culture that can be utilized as a world cultural heritage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Traditional Medicine
• rheumatism disease
• traditional manuscript
• and usada

Kaynakça

1. Adiputra, N. (2011). Medicinal Plants, Ceremonial Plants And Environmental Conservation. Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment, Vol. 11, pp. 346-354. google scholar
2. Adnyana, P. E. S. (2020). Lontar Usada Rare: Memahami Kearifan Lokal Tradisional Bali Dalam Mendiagnosa Gejala Penyakit Anak. Jurnal Yoga Dan Kesehatan, 3(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.25078/jyk.v3i2.1726 google scholar
3. Anderson, F. (1986). Antropologi kesehatan. In Jakarta: Penerbit Univerrsitas Indonesia. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia (UI). google scholar
4. Andrasevic, A. T., Baudoin, T., Vukelic, D., Matanovic, S. M., Bejuk, D., Puzevski, D., ... Pristas, I. (2009). Smjernice iskra za grlobolju: Dijagnosticki I terapijski pristup - Hrvatske nacionalne smjernice. Lijecnicki Vjesnik, 131(7-8), 181-191. google scholar
5. Ardiyasa, I. N. S. (n.d.). Ala Ayuning Dewasa dalam Usada Bali. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Jurusan Brahma Widya: Mistisisme Nusantara. Singaraja: STAH Mpu kuturan Singaraja. google scholar
6. Arsana, I. N. (2019). Keragaman Tanaman Obat dalam Lontar “Taru Pramana” dan Pemanfaatannya untuk Pengobatan Tradisional Bali. Jurnal Kajian Bali, 9(1), 241-262. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2019.v09.i01.p12 google scholar
7. Arsana, I. N., Sudiartawan, I. P., Sudaryati, N. L. G., Wirasuta, I. M. A. G., Armita, P. M. N., Warditiani, N. K., . Suta, I. B. P. (2020). Pengobatan Tradisional Bali Usadha Tiwang. Jurnal Bali Membangun Bali, 1(2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.51172/jbmb.v1i2.113 google scholar
8. Bhargwan, D. V., & Suhasini, R. (2006). Ayurveda Ilmu Pengobatan Tradisional India. Surabaya: Paramita. google scholar

9. Cahyaningrum, P. L., Yuliari, S. A. M., & Mediastari, A. P. A. (2020). Antibacterial Effectiveness of the Preparation of Gemitir Flower Soap (Tagetes erecta L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The Journal ofMuhammadiyah Medical Laboratory Technologist, 3(2), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.30651/jmlt.v3i2.5374 google scholar
10. Chabib, L., Ikawati, Z., Martien, R., Ismail, H., Farmasi, F., Gadjah, U., . Drugs, D. M. A. (2016). Rheumatoid Arthritis Review: Pharmacological Therapy, Potential of Curcumin and Its Analogues, and Development of Nanoparticle Systems. Jurnal Pharmascience, 3(1), 10-18. google scholar
11. Darwin, M., Mamondol, M. R., Sormin, S. A., Nurhayati, Y., Tambunan, H., Sylvia, D., . Gebang, A. A. (2021). Quantitative approach research method (1st ed.; T. S. Tambunan, Ed.). Bandung: CV Media Sains Indonesia. google scholar
12. Dewi, A. A. A. P. K., Warditiani, N. K., & Leliqia, N. P. . (2009). Inventarisasi Tanaman Obat Dalam Usada Upas Dalam Bentuk Buku Elektronik. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 86-92. google scholar
13. Dinas Kebudayaan dan pariwisata. (1990). Salinan Lontar Taru Pramana. Denpasar, Bali: Perpustakaan Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali. google scholar
14. Dinas Kebudayaan dan pariwisata. (1998). Salinan Lontar Usada Sari. Denpasar, Bali: Perpustakaan Kebudayaan Provinsi Bali. google scholar
15. Dinas Kebudayaan dan pariwisata. (2007). Usada Tuju. Singaraja: Gedong Kirtya. google scholar
16. Dinas Kebudayaan dan pariwisata. (2012). Usada Salinan Lontar Druwen UPTD Gedong Kirtya Singaraja. Singaraja: Gedong Kirtya. google scholar
17. Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata. (2020). Nangun Sat Kerthi Loka Bali. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https:// disdikpora.baliprov.go.id/nangun-sat-kerthi-loka-bali/ google scholar
18. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. (1982). Himpunan Usada IV Denpasar. Denpasar, Bali: Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. google scholar
19. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. (2009). Himpunan Usada II. Denpasar, Bali: Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. google scholar
20. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Bali. (2019). Monografi Tanaman Obat Usadha. Denpasar, Bali: badan perencanaan pembangunan daerah dan Penelitian dan pengembangan. google scholar
21. Febryantono, H., Siswanto, Santosa, P. E., & Hartono, M. (2020). The Effects of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L) Extract Dose on Antibody Titer of Newcastle Desease and Avian Influenza In Male Broiler. Journal ofAnimal Husbandry Research and Innovation, 4(1), 52-58. google scholar
22. Fraenkel, L., Bathon, J. M., England, B. R., St.Clair, E. W., Arayssi, T., Carandang, K., . Akl, E. A. (2021). 2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research, 73(7), 924-939. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24596 google scholar
23. Fransiska, N. N. (2020). Konsep “Mecaru” Dalam Budaya Bali Sebagai Jembatan Penginjilan Terhadap Orang Bali. OSF Preprints, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/su4e7 google scholar
24. Gabriel, J. (1955). Normal-Abnormal, Healthy-Sick. Australian Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 154-162. https://doi. org/10.1080/00049535508256109 google scholar
25. Haris Jauhari, A., Sofiati Utami, M., & Padmawati, R. S. (2008). Motivation and Trust of Patients in Seeking Medication to Sinshe. Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat, 24(1), 1. google scholar Japa, G. (2008). Terapi Laut. Surabaya: Paramita. google scholar
26. Karthikeyan, G., & Guilherme, L. (2018). Acute rheumatic fever. The Lancet, 392(10142), 161-174. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30999-1 google scholar
27. Koentjaraningrat. (1997). Kebudayaan dan Mentalitas Pembangunan (1st ed.). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. google scholar
28. Mahanta, K. C. (1995). A Study of Ethno-Medicines in Assam: A General Perspective. Journal ofHuman Ecology, 6(2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.1995.11907140 google scholar
29. Mediastari, A. A. P. A. (2020). Potensi Kearifan Lokal Ramuan Usada Untuk Mengatasi Penyakit Rematik Di Desa Tengkudak Kecamatan Penebel Kabupaten Tabanan. Widya Kesehatan, 2(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.32795/ widyakesehatan.v2i1.606 google scholar
30. Mertha Adnyana, I. M. D., Sudaryati, N. L. G., & Sitepu, I. (2021). Toxicity of Legiayu incense as Insecticide and Larvicide against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Mortality. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 32(4), 514-521. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijp.1814 google scholar
31. Mertha Adnyana, I. M. D., Sudiartawan, I. P., & Sudaryati, N. L. G. (2022). Toxicity of Tangiayu Incense Smoke as an Insecticide Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Mortality. Media Ilmu Kesehatan, 10(3), 280-289. https://doi. org/10.30989/mik.v10i3.637 google scholar
32. Muchid, A. (2006). Pharmaceutical Care untuk Pasien Penyakit Arthiritis Rematik. Jakarta: Direkloral Bina Farmasi Komunitas dan Klinik, Ditjen Bina Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan. google scholar
33. Muderawan, I. M., Budiawan, I. M., Giri, M. K. W., & Atmaja, I. N. B. (2020). Usada: The Ethnomedicine of Balinese Society. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 10(6), 3893-3905. https://doi. org/10.31142/ijahm/v10i6.04 google scholar
34. Nala, I. G. . (1992). Usada Bali. Denpasar, Bali: Upada Sastra. google scholar
35. Nala, I. G. . (1994). Usada Bali (3rd ed.). Denpasar, Bali: Upada Sastra. google scholar
36. Nala, I. G. . (2001). Ayurveda Ilmu Kedokteran Hindu I (1st ed.). Denpasar, Bali: Upada Sastra. google scholar
37. Notoadmojo, S. (2014). Ilmu Perilaku Kesehatan (1st ed.). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. google scholar
38. Pranskuniene, Z., Dauliute, R., Pranskunas, A., & Bernatoniene, J. (2018). Ethnopharmaceutical knowledge in Samogitia region of Lithuania: Where old traditions overlap with modern medicine. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 14(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0268-x google scholar
39. Redi Aryanta, I. W. (2019). Manfaat Jahe Untuk Kesehatan. Widya Kesehatan, 1(2), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.32795/ widyakesehatan.v1i2.463 google scholar
40. Rodrigues, E., Cassas, F., Conde, B. E., Da Cruz, C., Barretto, E. H. P., Dos Santos, G., ... Ticktin, T. (2020). Participatory ethnobotany and conservation: A methodological case study conducted with quilombola communities in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16(1), 1-12. https://doi. org/10.1186/s13002-019-0352-x google scholar
41. Singh, R., Kaushik, S., Badal, R., & Sahoo, S. (2020). Ayurveda and its Medicinal Plants: Halting the Surge of Covid-19. Journal ofAyurvedic and Herbal Medicine, 6(2), 90-99. Retrieved from www.ayurvedjournal.com google scholar
42. Suatama, I. B. (2021). Usada bali Modern (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: AGLitera Publishing. google scholar
43. Suryadarma, I. G. P. (2005). Konsepsi Kosmologi dalam Pengobatan Usada Taru Pramana. Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology, 2(1), 65-87. google scholar
44. Sutomo, S., & Iryadi, R. (2019). Konservasi Tumbuhan Obat Tradisional “Usada Bali.” Buletin Udayana Mengabdi, 18(4), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.24843/bum.2019.v18.i04.p11 google scholar
45. Wolfgang, W. (1937). Pengetahuan tentang Penyembuhan dan Pekerti Rakyat di Bali. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Daka. google scholar
46. Wyber, R., Noonan, K., Halkon, C., Enkel, S., Cannon, J., Haynes, E., . Carapetis, J. R. (2020). Ending rheumatic heart disease in Australia: the evidence for a new approach. Medical Journal ofAustralia, 213(S10), S3-S31. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50853 google scholar
47. Yazici, Y., & Simsek, I. (2010). Treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis beyond TNF-a inhibitors. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 3(5), 663-666. https://doi.org/10.1586/ecp.10.47 google scholar