Analysis of Liquid Migration as a Manifestation of Migration-based Lifestyle in the Third Millennium Using a Qualitative Approach

Öz

Immigration, as a social phenomenon, has always held a significant place in the sociology literature. The migration phenomenon has been extensively studied within the scope of industrialization, urbanization, wars, and global development challenges. However, contemporary consumer society values, globalization, and ongoing social crises have added new dimensions to migration. Hyperreality images, fluid society values, advancements in communication technologies, and evolving work environments have transformed migration into a way of life. Recent research has increasingly focused on these aspects. This study operates under the assumption that migration engenders a unique lifestyle. In this study, liquid migration is explored as a manifestation of the migration-based lifestyle of the third millennium. This study employed a mixed methodological approach. For the quantitative component, 116 students from Tabriz University were selected by random sampling. Drawing from previous studies, six factors (economic, social, educational, environmental, political, and demographic) were assessed. The quantitative results indicated that according to Tabriz University students, economic and educational motives rank highest among the factors influencing the desire to migrate. Moreover, a significant and positive correlation was observed among the six migration-influencing factors. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on migration by shedding light on the evolving nature of migration as a lifestyle choice, particularly in the contemporary context of fluid societal values and global interconnectedness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Immigration
• Liquid migration
• Lifestyle
• Economic reasons
• Educational motivation
• Ravenstein’s hypothesis
• Migration

Kaynakça

1. Abbaszadeh, M. (2012). Validity and reliability in qualitative researches, Applied Sociology, 23(45): 19-34(In persian). google scholar
2. Abbaszadeh, M., Shamsi, F. (2020). Rigor in Qualitative Research. Iranian Sociological of Association, 21(2), 67-95(In persian). google scholar
3. Beck, U., & Grande, E. (2010). Varieties of second modernity: The cosmopolitan turn in social and political theory and research, The British journal of sociology, 61(3), 409-443. google scholar
4. Bernzen, A., Jenkins, J. C., & Braun, B. (2019). Climate change-induced migration in coastal Bangladesh? A critical assessment of migration drivers in rural households under economic and environmental stress. Geosciences, 9(1), 51. google scholar
5. Black, R., Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., Dercon, S., Geddes, A., & Thomas, D. (2011). The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change, 21, 3-11. google scholar
6. Chowdhury, I. A., Haque, N., Kamal, M. M., Islam, T., Khan, M. M., Islam, M. N., & Uddin, I. (2012). Internal migration and socio-economic status of migrants: A study in Sylhet City, Bangladesh. American Journal of Human Ecology, 1(4), 123-133. google scholar
7. Corbett J. & Ravenstain E. G, (1885). The Low of migration, (1-4), Retrieved from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3018p230, google scholar
8. De Haas, H. (2021). A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework. Comparative Migration Studies, 9(1), 1-35. google scholar

9. De Haas, H., Czaika, M., Flahaux, M. L., Mahendra, E., Natter, K., Vezzoli, S., & Villares-Varela, M. (2019). International migration: Trends, determinants, and policy effects. Population and Development Review, 45(4), 885-922. google scholar
10. Engbersen, G., & Snel, E. (2013). Liquid migration: Dynamic and fluid patterns of post- accession migration flows. In B. Glorius, I. Grabowska-Lusinska, & A. Rindoks (Eds.), Mobility in transition: migration patterns after EU enlargement (pp. 21-40). Amsterdam University: Amsterdam. google scholar
11. Farah, N., Zafar, M. I., & Nawaz, N. (2012). Socio-economic and cultural factors affecting migration behavior in district faisalabad, Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, 10(1), 28-32. google scholar
12. Farastkhah, M. (2016). Qualitative research method in social sciences with emphasis on grounded theory, Tehran, İran. google scholar
13. Grigg, D.B (1977), E. G. Ravenstein and the ‘Laws of Migration’, Journal of Historical Geography, 3 (1) 41-54. google scholar
14. Haj Hosseini, H. (2006). A series of migration theories. The Scientific Journal of Strategy, 41, 35-46. google scholar
15. Isazadeh, S; Mehranfar, J. (2015). International migration and its economic impact on the labor market in host countries. Population, 21 (90 -89), 53-72. google scholar
16. Joseph, G., & Wodon, Q. (2013). Is Internal Migration in Yemen Driven by Climate or Socio-economic Factors?. Review of International Economics, 21(2), 295-310. google scholar
17. Kennan, J., & Walker, J. R. (2011). The effect of expected income on individual migration decisions. Econometrica, 79(1), 211-251. google scholar
18. Libanova, E. (2019). Labour migration from Ukraine: key features, drivers and impact. Economics and Sociology, 12(1), 313-328. google scholar
19. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review, 431-466. google scholar
20. Mottaghi, S. (2015). The impact of economic factors on migration in Iran (Emphasis on income and employment indicators). The Macro and Strategic Policies, 3(11), 63-74. google scholar
21. O’Reilly, K. (1995). Constructing and managing identities: residential tourists or a British expatriate community in Fuengirola, southern Spain. Essex Graduate Journal of Sociology 1: 25-37. google scholar
22. Ortega, F., & Peri, G. (2013). The effect of income and immigration policies on international migration. Migration Studies, 1(1), 47. google scholar
23. Padash Asl, KH. (2022). Study of the underlying factors of women’s immigration to America by phenomenological method, (case study: Iranian female immigrants in the universities of Boston, USA), Iran, Tabriz University, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Department of Social Sciences (in the thesis defense phase). google scholar
24. Rahshekho, M., Rafiyan, M., & Amini, E. (2012). İnvestigating the role of social and cultural factors on the migration of Iranian students abroad. Social Research, 4(16), 83-104. google scholar
25. Roulleau-Berger, L. (2021). Introduction: On post-western sociology. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 8(1), 1-7. google scholar
26. Sarkar, P. (2020). An overview of out-migration from Uttar Pradesh using census 2011. Journal of Migration Affairs, 2(2), 58-66. google scholar
27. Saroukhani, B. & Jahani Dolatabadi, E. (2008). The structure of human relations in the family and the tendency to migrate. Social Science Journal, 1(1): 69-92. google scholar
28. Urbanski, M. (2022). Comparing push andpull factors affecting migration. Economies, 10(1), 21. google scholar
29. Vosoughi, M. & Hodjati, M. (2012). International Immigrants, Participators in Birthplace Development (Case of Study: Laar City). Iranian Social Development Studies, 4(2), 23-39. google scholar
30. Zanabazar, A., Kho, N. S., & Jigjiddorj, S. (2021). The push and pull factors affecting the migration of Mongolians to the Republic of South Korea. In SHS Web of Conferences ( 90), 1023). EDP Sciences. google scholar