İşyerinde Arkadaşlığa İhtiyaç Var mı? İşyerinde Arkadaşlık ve Çalışanlar Üzerindeki Sonuçlarının Teorisi: Çalışma Etiğinin Rolü

Öz

Bu çalışma işyerinde arkadaşlıkların (denk durumdaki çalışanlarla arkadaşlık ve yöneticiyle arkadaşlık) iş güvencesizliği ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerinde negatif etkisinin olabileceği modelini kurmakta ve test etmektedir. Buna ilaveten, bu çalışmada yönetici ile arkadaşlık ile iş performansı arasındaki pozitif yönlü ilişkilerin çalışma etiği düşük olan çalışanlar için geçerli olabileceğini iddia etmiştir. Bu çalışma ayrıca yönetici ile arkadaşlık ile örgütsel sapma davranışı arasındaki negatif ilişkinin çalışma etiği düşük çalışanlar için geçerli olacağını iddia etmektedir. Hipotezleri test etmek için hizmet sektöründe çalışan 313 kişiden toplanan veriler kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, denk durumdaki çalışanlarla arkadaşlık ve yöneticiyle arkadaşlık ile iş güvencesizliği ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, çalışma etiğinin yöneticiyle arkadaşlık ve iş performansı ilişkisinde moderatör bir değişken olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma etiği düşük olan çalışanlarda, yöneticiyle arkadaşlık iş performansı ile pozitif yönlü bir ilişki içerisindedir. Sonuçlar, çalışma etiğinin yöneticiyle arkadaşlık ile örgütsel sapma arasındaki ilişkide moderatör bir değişken olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlara göre çalışma etiği düşük olan çalışanlar için, yöneticiyle arkadaşlık örgütsel sapma davranışı ile negatif yönlü bir ilişki içindedir. Beklenmedik bir şekilde, çalışma etiği yüksek olan çalışanlarda yöneticiyle arkadaşlık ile örgütsel sapma davranışı arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İşyerinde arkadaşlık,iş güvencesizliği,işten ayrılma niyeti,iş performansı,örgütsel sapma davranışı,çalışma etiği,sosyal alışveriş teorisi,örgütsel sosyal sermaye

Do We Need Friendship in the Workplace? The Theory of Workplace Friendship and Employee Outcomes: The Role of Work Ethics

Öz

This study builds and tests the models that two types of workplace friendships (friendship with coworkers and friendship with the supervisor) may have a negative influence on employees’ job insecurity and turnover intention. Further, this study assumes that the positive association between workplace friendship with a supervisor and job performance is stronger for employees having a low work ethic than for those with a high work ethic. This study also assumes that the negative relationship between friendship with a supervisor and organizational deviance is stronger for employees who have a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. To test these hypotheses, 313 data samples have been collected from service sector employees. According to the results, two types of workplace friendships (friendship with coworkers and friendship with a supervisor) are negatively related to job insecurity and turnover intention. The results also show that friendship with a supervisor was positively associated with job performance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Furthermore, the results show that friendship with a supervisor was negatively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Surprisingly, the friendship with a supervisor is positively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a high work ethic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• job insecurity,turnover intention,job performance,organizational deviance,organizational social capital,social exchange theory,Workplace friendship,work ethic,organizational social capital

Kaynakça

1. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17–40.
2. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London, UK: Sage.
3. Ali, A. J., & Al-Owaihan, A. (2008). Islamic work ethic: A critical review. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 15(1), 5–19.
4. Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness. London, UK: Routledge.
5. Aries, E. J., & Johnson, F. L. (1983). Close friendship in adulthood: Conversational content between same-sex friends. Sex Roles, 9(12), 1183–1196.
6. Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., & Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73–95.
7. Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349–360.
8. Berlew, D. E., & Hall, D. T. (1966). The socialization of managers: Effects of expectations on performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 11(2), 207–223.

9. Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter Jr, M. N. (2002). Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217–230.
10. Berndt, T. J. (1982). The features and effects of friendship in early adolescence. Child Development, 53(6), 1447–1460.
11. Berry, C. M., Ones, D. S., & Sackett, P. R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 410–424.
12. Bordia, P., Hunt, E., Paulsen, N., Tourish, D., & DiFonzo, N. (2004). Uncertainty during organizational change: Is it all about control? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(3), 345–365.
13. Borg, I., & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13(2), 13–26.
14. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.
15. Brustein, D. (2018). What you haven’t considered about the dark side of friendships at work.
16. Retrived from https://www.forbes.com/sites/darrahbrustein/2018/05/13/what-you-havent-considered-about-the-dark-side-of-friendships-at-work/#7650cfc2dba0
17. Burt, R. S. (1997). The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), 339–365.
18. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255.
19. Chung, S., Lount Jr, R. B., Park, H. M., & Park, E. S. (2018). Friends with performance benefits: A meta-analysis on the relationship between friendship and group performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(1), 63–79.
20. Colarelli, S. M. (1984). Methods of communication and mediating processes in realistic job previews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(4), 633–642.
21. Colbert, A. E., Bono, J. E., & Purvanova, R. K. (2016). Flourishing via workplace relationships: Moving beyond instrumental support. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1199–1223.
22. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900.
23. Day, D. V., & Silverman, S. B. (1989). Personality and job performance: Evidence of incremental validity. Personnel Psychology, 42(1), 25–36.
24. Demir, M., & Davidson, I. (2013). Toward a better understanding of the relationship between friendship and happiness: Perceived responses to capitalization attempts, feelings of mattering, and satisfaction of basic psychological needs in same-sex best friendships as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(2), 525–550.
25. Demir, M., Jaafar, J., Bilyk, N., & Mohd Ariff, M. R. (2012). Social skills, friendship and happiness: A cross-cultural investigation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(3), 379–385.
26. Demir, M., & Weitekamp, L. A. (2007). I am so happy cause today I found my friend: Friendship and personality as predictors of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(2), 181–211.
27. Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science, 6(2), 204–223.
28. Dess, G. G., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). Voluntary turnover, social capital, and organizational performance. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 446–456.
29. Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1715–1759.
30. Galperin, B. L., & Burke, R. J. (2006). Uncovering the relationship between workaholism and workplace destructive and constructive deviance: An exploratory study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 331–347.
31. Gönç-Şavran, T. (2018). Sosyal sermaye ve sağlık arasındaki ilişki: Ampirik çalışmalar ne gösteriyor? Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 57, 53–91.
32. Greco, S., Holmes, M., & McKenzie, J. (2015). Friendship and happiness from a sociological perspective. In M. Demir (Ed.), Friendship and happiness (pp. 19–35). Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
33. Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438–448.
34. Hackman, J. R., & Lawler, E. E. (1971). Employee reactions to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(3), 259–286.
35. Hansen, M. T., Mors, M. L., & Lovas, B. (2005). Knowledge sharing in organizations: Multiple networks, multiple phases. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 776–793.
36. Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1999). Friendships and adaptation across the life span. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 8(3), 76–79.
37. Hayati, K., & Caniago, I. (2012). Islamic work ethic: The role of intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 1102–1106.
38. Herman, H. M., Dasborough, M. T., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2008). A multi-level analysis of team climate and interpersonal exchange relationships at work. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 195–211.
39. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
40. Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Employees’ goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368–384.
41. Jiang, L., & Lavaysse, L. M. (2018). Cognitive and affective job insecurity: A meta-analysis and a primary study. Journal of Management, 44(6), 2307–2342.
42. Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2005). The role of job security in understanding the relationship between employees’ perceptions of temporary workers and employees’ performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 389–398.
43. Krackhardt, D., & Hanson, J. R. (1993). Informal networks: The company behind the chart. Harvard Business Review, 71(4), 104–111.
44. Leana, C. R., & Van Buren, H. J. (1999). Organizational social capital and employment practices. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 538–555.
45. Li, C. (2017). Does friendship make employees better citizens? (Master thesis, The John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Canada).
46. Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., & Brown, D. J. (2012). Does taking the good with the bad make things worse? How abusive supervision and leader–member exchange interact to impact need satisfaction and organizational deviance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 117(1), 41–52.
47. Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121.
48. Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Fu, P. P., & Mao, Y. (2013). Ethical leadership and job performance in China: The roles of workplace friendships and traditionality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 564–584.
49. Litzky, B. E., Eddleston, K. A., & Kidder, D. L. (2006). The good, the bad, and the misguided: How managers inadvertently encourage deviant behaviors. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 91–103.
50. Marcoulides, G. A., & Heck, R. H. (1993). Organizational culture and performance: Proposing and testing a model. Organization Science, 4(2), 209–225.
51. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171–194.
52. Mawritz, M. B., Greenbaum, R. L., Butts, M. M., & Graham, K. A. (2017). I just can’t control myself: A self-regulation perspective on the abuse of deviant employees. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 1482–1503.
53. Mayo, E. (2004). The human problems of an industrial civilization. London, UK: Routledge.
54. McClelland, D. (1988). Human motivation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
55. Meriac, J. P., & Gorman, C. A. (2017). Work ethic and work outcomes in an expanded criterion domain. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(3), 273-282.
56. Methot, J. R., Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Christian, J. S. (2016). Are workplace friendships a mixed blessing? Exploring tradeoffs of multiplex relationships and their associations with job performance. Personnel Psychology, 69(2), 311–355.
57. Merrens, M. R., & Garrett, J. B. (1975). The Protestant Ethic Scale as a predictor of repetitive work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(1), 125–127.
58. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2002). Work ethic. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/work%20ethic
59. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
60. Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493–522.
61. Morrison, R. (2004). Informal relationships in the workplace: Associations with job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intentions. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33, 114–128.
62. Mulki, J. P., Jaramillo, F., & Locander, W. B. (2006). Effects of ethical climate and supervisory trust on salesperson’s job attitudes and intentions to quit. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 26(1), 19–26.
63. Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23, 242–266.
64. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jiménez-Jiménez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2016). Studying the links between organizational culture, innovation, and performance in Spanish companies. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 48(1), 30–41.
65. Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628–643.
66. Ntayi, J. M. (2005). Work ethic, locus of control and salesforce task performance. Journal of African Business, 6(1–2), 155–176.
67. Pastoriza, D., Arino, M. A., & Ricart, J. E. (2008). Ethical managerial behaviour as an antecedent of organizational social capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 78(3), 329–341.
68. Pillemer, J., & Rothbard, N. (2018). Friends without benefits: Understanding the dark sides of workplace friendship. Academy of Management Review, 43(4), 635-660.
69. Rawlins, W. K., & Jerrome, D. (1994). Friendship matters: Communication, dialectics and the life course. Ageing and Society, 14(1), 133–133.
70. Riordan, C. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). The opportunity for friendship in the workplace: An underexplored construct. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10(2), 141–154.
71. Riordan, C. M. (2013). We all need friends at work. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2013/07/we-all-need-friends-at-work
72. Shaw, J. D., Delery, J. E., Jenkins, G. D., & Gupta, N. (1998). An organization-level analysis of voluntary and involuntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 41(5), 511–525.
73. Sias, P. M., & Cahill, D. J. (1998). From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace. Western Journal of Communication, 62(3), 273–299.
74. Song, S. H. (2006). Workplace friendship and employees’ productivity: LMX theory and the case of the Seoul city government. International Review of Public Administration, 11(1), 47–58.
75. Song, S. H., & Olshfski, D. (2008). Friends at work: A comparative study of work attitudes in Seoul city government and New Jersey state government. Administration & Society, 40(2), 147–169.
76. Staw, B. M. (1980). The consequences of turnover. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 1(4), 253–273.
77. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242–264.
78. Taylor, F. W. (1914). The principles of scientific management. New York, NY: Harper.
79. Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464–476.
80. Walker, G., Kogut, B., & Shan, W. (1997). Social capital, structural holes, and the formation of an industry network. Organizational Science, 8(2), 109–125.
81. Walumbwa, F. O., Cropanzano, R., & Hartnell, C. A. (2009). Organizational justice, voluntary learning behavior, and job performance: A test of the mediating effects of identification and leader-member exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(8), 1103–1126.
82. Wasti, S. A. (2003). Organizational commitment, turnover intentions and the influence of cultural values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3), 303–321.
83. Watson, G. W., & Papamarcos, S. D. (2002). Social capital and organizational commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(4), 537–552.
84. Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33(2), 141–160.
85. Zaleznik, A. (1997). Real work. Harvard Business Review, November-December, 53–62.