Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar

Öz

Türkiye’de meslek sosyolojisi son on yılda gelişen bir alan olarak henüz teorik ve kavramsal bir zemine sahip değildir. Bu makalenin amacı Durkheim ve Weber’den bugüne sosyoloji külliyatında meslek olgusuna dair geliştirilen teorik yaklaşımları eleştirel bir şekilde değerlendirip tasnif etmektir. Meslek olgusu farklı dönemlerde ve farklı ulusal bağlamlarda değişen açılardan ele alınmış ve tanımlanmıştır. Bilhassa DurkheimcıFlexnercı bir çerçeve geliştiren işlevselci meslek tanımı 1970’lere kadar etkili olmuştur. Batı toplumlarında yaygın şekilde kullanılan profession tabiri, avukatlık ve hekimlik gibi 19. yüzyıldan bu yana yüksek gelir, statü ve imtiyaz ifade eden işleri model alan bu geleneğin mirasıdır. Meslek olgusu bu çerçevede bir tür ahlak ve denge mekanizması olarak düşünülmüş; bu da bir özellikler seti olarak tanımlanmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Alternatif olarak profesyonelleşme ve meslek aşınması kavramları mesleği süreç olarak düşünmeyi teklif etmiştir. 1970’lerden itibaren çatışma, mücadele ve iktidar mefhumlarını merkeze alan Weberci ve Marksist yaklaşımlar alana girmiş ve eleştirel, şüpheci ve ilişkisel bir bakış gelişmiştir. Meslekî kapanma ve tekel, proleterleşme, çatışma ve iktidar alanı olarak meslek gibi mefhumlar son otuz yılda yaygınlaşmıştır. Bununla birlikte farklı tarihsel tecrübelere dair çalışmalar arttıkça meslek anlamında profession kavramına dair tashih ihtiyacı da belirginleşmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Meslek sosyolojisi
• işlevselcilik
• profesyonelleşme
• meslekî kapanma
• proleterleşme

Theoretical Approaches in the Sociology of Professions

Öz

The sociology of professions as a developing field in the last decade in Turkey does not yet have a theoretical and conceptual ground. This article aims to critically evaluate and classify the theoretical approaches developed to understand professions in the sociology literature since Durkheim and Weber. In sociology, professions have been analyzed from different perspectives that vary according to different national contexts and periods. The functionalist definition of professions which is rooted in Durkheimian-Flexnerian framework in particular has been dominant until the 1970s. The term profession is a legacy of this tradition which took as a universal model prestigious jobs such as the lawyer and physician that have designated a high status and high income in Western societies since the 19th century. In this framework, professions are considered as sets of traits and attributes that are convenient to function as moral balance mechanisms. Alternatively, the concepts of professionalization and deprofessionalization offer to reconsider the established professions as dynamic processes rather than abstracted models. Since the 1970s, Weberian and Marxist approaches that emphasize conflict, struggle and power rather than harmony, have entered the field and fostered critical, skeptical and relational perspectives. Notions such as professional closure and monopoly, proletarianization, and field of power have become widespread in the last thirty years. In addition, as studies on different historical experiences increase, the need for a fundamental revision of the concept profession becomes indispensable.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sociology of professions
• functionalism
• professionalization
• professional closure
• proletarianization

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