Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye'de Romanlar: İşgücü Piyasasında Ayrışma ve Gelir Farklılıkları

Yıl 2022, , 113 - 132, 16.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-901413

Öz

Mesleki ayrışma, Türkiye'de Romanlar arasındaki gelir farklılaşmasının açıklanmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Mesleği tanımlayan geleneksel değişkenler, gelir grupları için farklı açıklayıcılığa sahiptir. Hem en yoksul hem de en zengin Romanlar için düzenli gelir getiren bir işte işçi olarak çalışmak, ticari işlerden çok daha fazla gelir artırıcı etki sağlar. Emek piyasasında ayrımcılık, en zengin Romanlar dışında, tüm gelir grupları için gelir düzeyini açıklamada anlamlı bir güce sahip olsa da en yoksul Romanlar için geliri azaltıcı etkisi en yüksek düzeydedir. Hakim toplumsal algının aksine, geleneksel Roman mesleklerinin gelir farklılaşması üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi yoktur. Öte yandan, Romanlarda iş kollarındaki ayrışmanın gelir farklılaşmalarını tanımlayabildiği de son derece açıktır. Sosyokültürel değişkenler, yalnızca orta gelir gruplarında geliri düzeyini belirlemede önemliyken, yerel seçimlerde oy verme davranışının Romanların tüm gelir grupları için gelir düzeyinde azaltıcı etkileri olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBİTAK

Proje Numarası

116R050

Teşekkür

Başta, fon desteği ile bu araştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesini sağlayan TÜBİTAK’a, tüm proje ekibine, doktora tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Ensar Yılmaz’a ve son okuma desteği için meslektaşım Aslıhan Yurdakul’a teşekkür ederim. Verileri araştırmalarım için kullanmama izin veren Prof. Dr. Kenan Aydın’a ayrıca teşekkür ederim .

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, B. E., Deniz, M. B., & Ertan, M. (2011, November). Poverty and social exclusion of Roma in Turkiye. Project for Developing Comprehensive Social Policies for Roma Communities, Istanbul. google scholar
  • Antecol, H., Cobb-Clark, D. A., & Trejo, S. J. (2004). Selective immigration policy in Australia, Canada, and the United States. Brussels economic review, 47(1), 57-76. google scholar
  • Aras, F. E. (2009). Etnik (Çingene) İşgücünün Enformel İşgücü Piyasasina Katilim Biçimleri Ve Bu Süreçte Etkili Olan Faktörler: İstanbul (Cankurtaran) Ve Edirne (Menzilahir) Örnekleri. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 75-100. google scholar
  • Aşkın, U. (2017). Çingene/Roman Toplumunun Sosyo-Ekonomik-Durum ve Beklentieri: İzmir İlinde Bir Araştırma. Kesit Akademi Dergisi (The Journal of Kesit Academy), 3(10), 208-245. google scholar
  • Aydin, K., Yılmaz, E., Çaha, Ö., & Uzunöz, M. (2019). Türkiye’de Romanlar: bir kimlik ekonomisi. google scholar
  • Berland, J. C., & Rao, A. (Eds.). (2004). Customary strangers: New perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. google scholar
  • Brazzabeni, M., Cunha, M. I., & Fotta, M. (Eds.). (2015). Gypsy economy: Romani livelihoods and notions of worth in the 21st century (Vol. 3). Berghahn Books. google scholar
  • Constant, A. F., Gataullina, L., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2006). Gender, ethnic identity and work. google scholar
  • Casa-Nova, M. J. (2007). Gypsies, ethnicity, and the labour market: An introduction. google scholar
  • Dincâ, M., & Lucheş, D. (2018). Work integration of the Roma: between family and labor market. Sustainability, 10(5), 1495. google scholar
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (EUAFR), Data in focus Poverty and employment: the situation of Roma in 11 EU Member States. Retrieved from https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-roma-survey-employment_en.pdf google scholar
  • Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes?. Journal of Economic perspectives, 20(2), 23-48. google scholar
  • Gmelch, G., & Gmelch, S. B. (1977). Ireland’s travelling people: a comprehensive bibliography. Romani Studies, 1(3), 159. google scholar
  • Gmelch, S. B. (1986). Groups that don’t want in: Gypsies and other artisan, trader, and entertainer minorities. Annual review of anthropology, 15(1), 307-330. google scholar
  • Genc, Y., Taylan, H. H., & Baris, İ. (2015). Roman Çocuklarinin Eğitim Süreci Ve Akademik Başarilarinda Sosyal Dişlanma Algisinin Rolü. google scholar
  • Huang, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, J., & He, M. J. J. B. B. (2017). Quantile regression models and their applications: a review. J Biom Biostat, 8(10.4172), 2155-6180. google scholar
  • Frazer, H., & Marlier, E. (2011). Promoting the social inclusion of Roma. google scholar
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50. google scholar
  • Kolukirik, S., & Toktaş, Ş. (2007). Turkiye’s Roma: Political participation and organization. Middle Eastern Studies, 43(5), 761-777. google scholar
  • Marsh, A. (2007). The Dom of Eastern Turkiye: Reseaching amongst the Gypsies of Eastern Turkiye. E Romani Glinda. google scholar
  • -------. (2008). Etnisite ve kimlik: Çingenelerin kökeni. European Roma Rights Center Country Reports Series, (17), 19-27. google scholar
  • -------. (2010). The Gypsies in Turkiye: history, ethnicity, and identity-an action research strategy in practice. All change, 27-38. google scholar
  • Marsh, A., & Strand, E. (2006). Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual. Constructed and Contested (Transactions), IB Tauris. google scholar
  • Marsh, A.R. ve Eren, Z.C. (2008). The Analysis of Erosion: Occupational and Social Change and Continuity Amongst the Basket—Weavers of İzmir and Musicians of Diyarbakir in Türkiye. Gls International Romani Studies Conference. google scholar
  • Messing, V., & Beremenyi, B. Â. (2013). Active labor market policies with an impact potential on Roma employment in five countries of the EU. Budimpesta: NEUJOBS. google scholar
  • Milcher, S., & Fischer, M. M. (2011). On labour market discrimination against Roma in Southeast Europe. Papers in Regional Science, 90(4), 773-788. google scholar
  • Mason, P. L. (2004). Annual income, hourly wages, and identity among Mexican Americans and other Latinos. Industrial Relations: A Journal ofEconomy and Society, 43(4), 817-834. google scholar
  • Mischek, U. (2002). The professional skills of gypsies in Istanbul. Kuri: Journal of the Dom Research Center, 1. google scholar
  • Neuman, S., & Oaxaca, R. L. (2005). Wage differentials in the 1990s in Israel: endowments, discrimination, and selectivity. International Journal ofManpower. google scholar
  • O’Higgins, N., & Ivanov, A. (2006). Education and employment opportunities for the Roma. Comparative Economic Studies, 48(1), 6-19. google scholar
  • O’Higgins, N. (2010). “It’s not that I’m a racist, it’s that they are Roma”: Roma discrimination and returns to education in South Eastern Europe. International Journal ofManpower. google scholar
  • Okely, J. (1983). The traveller—gypsies. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Özateşler, G. (2015). Gypsies in the economy of Turkiye: A focus on Gypsy flower sellers in two central districts of İstanbul. Tianjin Medical Journal, 43(1). google scholar
  • Özdemir, A. (2014). Romanlarda Çalışan Yoksulluğu: Sakarya Gazipaşa Mahallesi Örneği (Master’s thesis, Sakarya Üniversitesi). google scholar
  • Rao, A. (Ed.). (1987). The other nomads: Peripatetic minorities in cross—culturalperspective (Vol. 8). Böhlau Verlag. google scholar
  • Salo, M. T. (1986). Peripatetic adaptation in historical perspective. Nomadic Peoples, 7-36. google scholar
  • Szalai, J., and Zentai, V. (2014). Faces and causes ofRoma marginalization in local contexts. Budapest: CPS CEU. google scholar
  • Ünaldı, H. (2012). Türkiye’de yaşayan kültürel bir farklilik: Çingeneler. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 615-626. google scholar
  • Messing, V., & Beremenyi, B. Â. (2017). Is ethnicity a meaningful category of employment policies for Roma? A comparative case study of Hungary and Spain. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(10), 1623-1642. google scholar
  • Yılgür, E. (2016). Roman tütün işçileri: Türkiye Sol tarihinin kayıp sayfasına sosyolojik bir bakış. Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, E., & Kılıç, I. E. (2021). Deprivation: Endowment and Discrimination?. Social Indicators Research, 158(1), 177-196. google scholar
  • Zorlu, A. (2003). Do ethnicity and sex matter in pay? Analyses of 8 ethnic groups in the Dutch labour market. Retrieved from https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/11434 google scholar

The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations

Yıl 2022, , 113 - 132, 16.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-901413

Öz

n labour market research, rather than demographic and human capital endowments, ethnicity is considered a major explanatory of segregation in job occupations. This article examines the role of job occupations in income differentials within the Roma in Turkiye. The sample covers 1568 respondents and represents 6445 Roma. The conventional determinants for job occupation do not work differently for the income groups. For both the poorest and richest Roma, being a worker in a regular fulltime job provides much more of an increasing effect on income than the jobs in a trade. Discrimination in the labour market is a significant explanatory for all the income groups, except the richest Roma, but it has the highest impact on the poorest Roma. Traditional job occupations do not have an impact on income differentiation within Roma, but segregation for the Roma in the labour market is clear in defining income differentiation. This article asserts that even though the job occupations of the Roma partly present a kind of continuity of the traditional professions, the Roma in Turkiye are predominantly wage earners and working for someone else rather than being self–employed. While sociocultural determinants are significant in the middle–income groups, the voting behaviour in the municipal election has decremental impacts on all the income groups of the Roma.

Proje Numarası

116R050

Kaynakça

  • Akkan, B. E., Deniz, M. B., & Ertan, M. (2011, November). Poverty and social exclusion of Roma in Turkiye. Project for Developing Comprehensive Social Policies for Roma Communities, Istanbul. google scholar
  • Antecol, H., Cobb-Clark, D. A., & Trejo, S. J. (2004). Selective immigration policy in Australia, Canada, and the United States. Brussels economic review, 47(1), 57-76. google scholar
  • Aras, F. E. (2009). Etnik (Çingene) İşgücünün Enformel İşgücü Piyasasina Katilim Biçimleri Ve Bu Süreçte Etkili Olan Faktörler: İstanbul (Cankurtaran) Ve Edirne (Menzilahir) Örnekleri. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 75-100. google scholar
  • Aşkın, U. (2017). Çingene/Roman Toplumunun Sosyo-Ekonomik-Durum ve Beklentieri: İzmir İlinde Bir Araştırma. Kesit Akademi Dergisi (The Journal of Kesit Academy), 3(10), 208-245. google scholar
  • Aydin, K., Yılmaz, E., Çaha, Ö., & Uzunöz, M. (2019). Türkiye’de Romanlar: bir kimlik ekonomisi. google scholar
  • Berland, J. C., & Rao, A. (Eds.). (2004). Customary strangers: New perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. google scholar
  • Brazzabeni, M., Cunha, M. I., & Fotta, M. (Eds.). (2015). Gypsy economy: Romani livelihoods and notions of worth in the 21st century (Vol. 3). Berghahn Books. google scholar
  • Constant, A. F., Gataullina, L., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2006). Gender, ethnic identity and work. google scholar
  • Casa-Nova, M. J. (2007). Gypsies, ethnicity, and the labour market: An introduction. google scholar
  • Dincâ, M., & Lucheş, D. (2018). Work integration of the Roma: between family and labor market. Sustainability, 10(5), 1495. google scholar
  • European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (EUAFR), Data in focus Poverty and employment: the situation of Roma in 11 EU Member States. Retrieved from https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-roma-survey-employment_en.pdf google scholar
  • Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes?. Journal of Economic perspectives, 20(2), 23-48. google scholar
  • Gmelch, G., & Gmelch, S. B. (1977). Ireland’s travelling people: a comprehensive bibliography. Romani Studies, 1(3), 159. google scholar
  • Gmelch, S. B. (1986). Groups that don’t want in: Gypsies and other artisan, trader, and entertainer minorities. Annual review of anthropology, 15(1), 307-330. google scholar
  • Genc, Y., Taylan, H. H., & Baris, İ. (2015). Roman Çocuklarinin Eğitim Süreci Ve Akademik Başarilarinda Sosyal Dişlanma Algisinin Rolü. google scholar
  • Huang, Q., Zhang, H., Chen, J., & He, M. J. J. B. B. (2017). Quantile regression models and their applications: a review. J Biom Biostat, 8(10.4172), 2155-6180. google scholar
  • Frazer, H., & Marlier, E. (2011). Promoting the social inclusion of Roma. google scholar
  • Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50. google scholar
  • Kolukirik, S., & Toktaş, Ş. (2007). Turkiye’s Roma: Political participation and organization. Middle Eastern Studies, 43(5), 761-777. google scholar
  • Marsh, A. (2007). The Dom of Eastern Turkiye: Reseaching amongst the Gypsies of Eastern Turkiye. E Romani Glinda. google scholar
  • -------. (2008). Etnisite ve kimlik: Çingenelerin kökeni. European Roma Rights Center Country Reports Series, (17), 19-27. google scholar
  • -------. (2010). The Gypsies in Turkiye: history, ethnicity, and identity-an action research strategy in practice. All change, 27-38. google scholar
  • Marsh, A., & Strand, E. (2006). Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual. Constructed and Contested (Transactions), IB Tauris. google scholar
  • Marsh, A.R. ve Eren, Z.C. (2008). The Analysis of Erosion: Occupational and Social Change and Continuity Amongst the Basket—Weavers of İzmir and Musicians of Diyarbakir in Türkiye. Gls International Romani Studies Conference. google scholar
  • Messing, V., & Beremenyi, B. Â. (2013). Active labor market policies with an impact potential on Roma employment in five countries of the EU. Budimpesta: NEUJOBS. google scholar
  • Milcher, S., & Fischer, M. M. (2011). On labour market discrimination against Roma in Southeast Europe. Papers in Regional Science, 90(4), 773-788. google scholar
  • Mason, P. L. (2004). Annual income, hourly wages, and identity among Mexican Americans and other Latinos. Industrial Relations: A Journal ofEconomy and Society, 43(4), 817-834. google scholar
  • Mischek, U. (2002). The professional skills of gypsies in Istanbul. Kuri: Journal of the Dom Research Center, 1. google scholar
  • Neuman, S., & Oaxaca, R. L. (2005). Wage differentials in the 1990s in Israel: endowments, discrimination, and selectivity. International Journal ofManpower. google scholar
  • O’Higgins, N., & Ivanov, A. (2006). Education and employment opportunities for the Roma. Comparative Economic Studies, 48(1), 6-19. google scholar
  • O’Higgins, N. (2010). “It’s not that I’m a racist, it’s that they are Roma”: Roma discrimination and returns to education in South Eastern Europe. International Journal ofManpower. google scholar
  • Okely, J. (1983). The traveller—gypsies. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
  • Özateşler, G. (2015). Gypsies in the economy of Turkiye: A focus on Gypsy flower sellers in two central districts of İstanbul. Tianjin Medical Journal, 43(1). google scholar
  • Özdemir, A. (2014). Romanlarda Çalışan Yoksulluğu: Sakarya Gazipaşa Mahallesi Örneği (Master’s thesis, Sakarya Üniversitesi). google scholar
  • Rao, A. (Ed.). (1987). The other nomads: Peripatetic minorities in cross—culturalperspective (Vol. 8). Böhlau Verlag. google scholar
  • Salo, M. T. (1986). Peripatetic adaptation in historical perspective. Nomadic Peoples, 7-36. google scholar
  • Szalai, J., and Zentai, V. (2014). Faces and causes ofRoma marginalization in local contexts. Budapest: CPS CEU. google scholar
  • Ünaldı, H. (2012). Türkiye’de yaşayan kültürel bir farklilik: Çingeneler. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 615-626. google scholar
  • Messing, V., & Beremenyi, B. Â. (2017). Is ethnicity a meaningful category of employment policies for Roma? A comparative case study of Hungary and Spain. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(10), 1623-1642. google scholar
  • Yılgür, E. (2016). Roman tütün işçileri: Türkiye Sol tarihinin kayıp sayfasına sosyolojik bir bakış. Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, E., & Kılıç, I. E. (2021). Deprivation: Endowment and Discrimination?. Social Indicators Research, 158(1), 177-196. google scholar
  • Zorlu, A. (2003). Do ethnicity and sex matter in pay? Analyses of 8 ethnic groups in the Dutch labour market. Retrieved from https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/11434 google scholar
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sinem Bağçe 0000-0002-0025-644X

Proje Numarası 116R050
Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Bağçe, S. (2023). The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(66), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-901413
AMA Bağçe S. The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. Ocak 2023;(66):113-132. doi:10.26650/JECS2021-901413
Chicago Bağçe, Sinem. “The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 66 (Ocak 2023): 113-32. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-901413.
EndNote Bağçe S (01 Ocak 2023) The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 66 113–132.
IEEE S. Bağçe, “The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 66, ss. 113–132, Ocak 2023, doi: 10.26650/JECS2021-901413.
ISNAD Bağçe, Sinem. “The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 66 (Ocak 2023), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-901413.
JAMA Bağçe S. The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2023;:113–132.
MLA Bağçe, Sinem. “The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 66, 2023, ss. 113-32, doi:10.26650/JECS2021-901413.
Vancouver Bağçe S. The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The Labour Market and Income Differentiations. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2023(66):113-32.