Günümüz Çalışma Rejiminde Uykunun İkircikli Konumu: Kavramsal Bir Tartışma

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 64, 357 - 376, 29.12.2021

Emir Kurmuş Çağatay Topal

https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-815618

Öz

Uyku son yıllarda yaygınlaşan bir şekilde tıbbi ve psikolojik araştırmaların, medyada çeşitli haberlerin konusu olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, uykuya yönelik artan ilginin altında bazı sosyo-ekonomik süreçlerin olduğunu iddia etmekte; günümüz kapitalist çalışma rejimindeki beden, iş ve gündelik yaşamın ritimleri arasındaki ilişki üzerinden uykuyu inceleyen bir analiz çerçevesi önermektedir. Bu çerçeve içerisinde hem günümüz toplumundaki uyku pratikleri ve uykuya bakış hem de günümüz kapitalizminin bazı yapısal süreçleri ve çelişkileri zaman baskısı kavramı etrafında tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır. Kapitalizmin güncel koşullarındaki zaman deneyimini temel olarak çalışma yaşamındaki esnekleşme ve sosyal yaşamın hızlanması şekillendirmektedir. Zorunluluklarla şekillenen arzulardaki hızlanma ve esnekleşme yeni bir tür beden disiplinini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Süre olarak çalışanların yaşamının çok önemli bir bölümünü kapsayan uyku bir yandan kısmen ya da tamamen feragat edilebilir bir pratik haline gelirken, bir yandan da iş ve gündelik yaşamdaki etkinliklerin verimli bir şekilde devamı açısından kritik bir yerde durmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı uykunun bu çelişkili konumunu esas olarak Hartmut Rosa’nın sosyal hızlanma kavramından hareket ederek, hızlanma, esnekleşme ve zaman baskısı üçlüsünün oluşturduğu ve temelde kapitalizmin tanımladığı sosyal zemin üzerinden açıklamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uyku, Kapitalizm, Sosyal hızlanma, Esnek çalışma rejimi, Zaman baskısı

The Ambivalent Position of Sleep within the Current Work Regime: A Conceptual Discussion

Öz

Sleep is attracting increasing medical and psychological research interest as well as media interest. This study investigates the socio-economic processes behind this growth in interest. It proposes an analytical framework that examines sleep in the relationships among the body, work, and the rhythms of everyday life within the constraints of today’s capitalist work regime. In this framework, the concept of time pressure is significant for understanding practices and approaches to sleep, as well as the structural processes and contradictions of contemporary capitalism. Having a work life and accelerating one’s social life are the main determinants of time experience. While sleep, which is a very important part of an employee’s life, becomes limited or restricted, it is nevertheless essential for the sake of efficiency and continuing activity in business and daily life. This study investigates the ambivalent position of sleep with reference to Hartmut Rosa’s concept of social acceleration. This ambivalent position is found to be constructed by the trio of acceleration, flexibility, and time pressure, and it is essentially defined by capitalism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sleep, Capitalism, Social acceleration, Flexible work regime, Time pressure

Kaynakça

• Antonopoulos, R., & Memiş, E. (2010). Time and poverty from a developing country perspective. The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Paper, 600, 1-37. Retrieved from http://www.levyinstitute.org/ publications/time-and-poverty-from-a-developing-country-perspective google scholar
• Bell, E., & Tuckman, A. (2002). Hanging on the telephone: Temporal flexibility and the accessible worker. In R. Whipp, B. Adam & I. Sabelis (Eds.), Making time: Time and management in modern organization (pp. 115125). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Chatzitheochari, S., & Arber, S. (2009). Lack of sleep, work and the long hours culture: Evidence from the UK time use survey. Work, Employment and Society, 23(1), 30-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017008099776 google scholar
• Colley, H., Henriksson, L., Niemeyer, B., & Seddon, T. (2012). Competing time orders in human service work: Towards a politics of time. Time & Society, 21(3), 371-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X11434014 google scholar
• Coveney, C. M. (2014). Managing sleep and wakefulness in a 24 hour World. Sociology of Health & Illness, 36(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12046 google scholar
• Crary, J. (2015). 24/7: Geç kapitalizm ve uykuların sonu (N. Çatlı, Çev.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları. google scholar
• Harvey, D. (1989). The condition ofpostmodernity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. google scholar
• Hsu, E. L. (2013). The sociology of sleep and the measure of social acceleration. Time & Society, 23(2), 212-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X13486729 google scholar
• Inglis, D., & Holmes, M. (2000). Toiletry time: Defecation, temporal strategies and the dilemmas of modernity. Time & Society, 9(2-3), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X00009002005 google scholar
• Jessop, B. (2009). The spatiotemporal dynamics of globalizing capital and their impact on state power and democracy. In H. Rosa & W. E. Scheuerman (Eds.), High speed society: Social acceleration, power and modernity (pp. 135-158). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. google scholar
• Kroll-Smith, S., & Gunter, V. (2005). Governing sleepiness: Somnolent bodies, discourse and liquid modernity. Sociological Inquiry, 75(3), 346-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.2005.00126.x google scholar
• Larsson, J., & Sanne, C. (2005). Self-help books on avoiding time shortage. Time & Society, 14(2-3), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X05055135 google scholar
• Lee, H., & Liebenau, J. (2002). A new time discipline: Managing virtual work environments. In R. Whipp, B. Adam & I. Sabelis (Eds.), Making time: Time and management in modern organization (pp. 126-139). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Lefebvre, H. (2004). Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life. S. Elden & Gerald Moore (Çev.). London and New York: Continuum. google scholar
• Marinache, R. (2015). Sleep: A sociological perspective. European Journal of Research on Education, 3(1), 17-29. google scholar
• Mauss, M. [1932] (1973). Techniques of the body. Economy and Society, 2(1), 70-88. google scholar
• Nowotny, H. (1994). Time: The modern and postmodern experience. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. google scholar
• Rojek, C. (2004). Postmodern work and leisure. In J. T. Haworth &A. J. Veal (Eds.), Work and Leisure (pp. 51-66). London and New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Rosa, H. (2009). Social acceleration: Ethical and political consequences of a desynchronized high-speed society. In H. Rosa & W. E. Scheuerman (Eds.), High speed society: Social acceleration, power and modernity (pp. 77112). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. google scholar
• Rosa, H., & Scheuerman, W. E. (2009). Introduction. In H. Rosa & W. E. Scheuerman (Eds.), High speed society: Social acceleration, power and modernity (pp. 1-29). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. google scholar
• Rosa, H. (2013). Social acceleration: A new theory of modernity. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. google scholar
• Rosa, H. (2017). De-synchronization, dynamic stabilization, dispositional squeeze. In J. Wajcman & N. Dodd (Eds.), The sociology of speed: Digital, organizational, and social temporalities (pp. 25-41). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Roxburgh, S. (2002). Racing through life: The distribution of time pressures by roles and role resources among full-time workers. Journal ofFamily and Economic Issues, 23(2), 121-145. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015734516575 google scholar
• Scheuerman, W. (1999). The economic state of emergency. Cardozo Law Review, 21, 1869-1894. google scholar
• Sennett, R. (2008). Karakter aşınması: Yeni kapitalizmde işin kişilik üzerindeki etkileri (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. google scholar
• Standing, G. (2011). The precariat: The new dangerous class. London and New York: Bloomsbury. google scholar
• Subrt, J., & Cassling, R. (2001). The problem of time from the perspective of the social Sciences. Czech Sociological Review, 9(2), 211-224. google scholar
• Thompson, E. P. (1967). Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism. Past andPresent, 38 (December), 56-97. google scholar
• Tietze S., & Musson G. (2002). When ‘work’ meets ‘home’: Temporal flexibility as lived experience. Time & Society, 11(2-3), 315-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X02011002008 google scholar
• Williams, S. J. (2002). Sleep and health: Reflections on the dormant society. Health, 6(2), 173-200. https://doi. org/10.1177/136345930200600203 google scholar
• Williams, S. J. (2005). Sleep and society: Sociological ventures into the (un)known, London and New York: Routledge. google scholar
• Williams, S. J., & Wolf-Meyer, M. (2013). Longing for sleep: Assessing the place of sleep in the 21st century. Somatosphere: Science, Medicine and Anthropology, 19-22, 1-24. google scholar
• Williams, S. J. (2014). The sociology of sleep and the measure of social acceleration: A rejoinder to Hsu. Time & Society, 23(3), 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X14536483 google scholar
• Yılmaz, G. (2008). Kapitalizmde zaman-mekân sıkışması. Çalışma ve Toplum, 17(2), 155-172. google scholar
• Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi (2019). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ giris.jsp google scholar
• Zherebin, V. M., Vershinskaia, O. N., & Makhrova, O. N. (2015). The modern perception of time and acceleration of the pace of life. Sociological Research, 54(3), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10610154.2015.1098297 google scholar
• Zuzanek, J. (2004). Work, leisure, time-pressure and stress. In J. T. Haworth &A. J. Veal (Eds.), Work and Leisure (pp.123-144). London and New York: Routledge. google scholar