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Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 65, 1 - 13, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-1019892

Öz

This paper contributes to the literature by examining mobility in the middle-income classes for Turkiye. In this context, this study’s aim is to present a profile of the middle-income class in Turkiye and identify the effects of socio-economic and demographic factors on the transition from a middle-income class to a lower income group and upper income group using a probit model. The middle class was determined using the relative income measure. The data used in the analyses are based on the Income and Living Conditions Surveys (ILCS) by the Turkish Statistical Institute (Turk Stat) over the period 2015-2018. The results of the analysis indicate that the age, gender, education level, marital status, employment status housing ownership type of the households, and income type affect the transition of middle-income classes into lower or upper income classes in different ways. Accordingly, in cases where the head of the household is male, household members are young, household members have a high education level, and where there are a small number of members in the household, all negatively affect the probability of transitioning from a middle-income class to a low-income class. In contrast, it positively affects the transition to a high income class.

Kaynakça

  • Atkinson, A.B., Brandolini, A. (2011). On the identification of the middle class. Ecineq Working Paper Series, No: 2011-217, pp. 1-28. google scholar
  • Bakış, O., Polat, S. (2013). Wage inequality in Turkiye. Sabancı Üniversitesi Rekabet Forumu, Working Paper, 2013-2. google scholar
  • Balıkçıoğlu, E., Dalgıç, B. (2015). Türkiye’de orta gelir sınıfın profili. Jebpir, Vol. 1 (1), 17-31. Balıkçıoğlu, E., Dalgıç, B., & Fazlıoğlu, B. (2016). Türkiye’de orta gelirden düşük gelir ve yüksek gelire geçişin belirleyicileri. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt. 14(2), 341-355. google scholar
  • Bigot, R., Croutte, P., Muller, J., & Osier, G. (2012). The middle classes in Europe: Evidence from the LIS data. LIS Working Paper Series, No: 580. google scholar
  • Beyaz Sipahi, B. (2021). Türkiye’de gelir hareketliliği: Gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk üzerine etkisi, Teoride İktisadi, Mali ve Finansal Uygulama ve Anlayışlar, (pp. 31- 45) Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara. google scholar
  • Bilton, T., K. Bonnet,K., Jones,P., Lawson,T., Skinner,D., Stanworth,M., & Webster, A. (2009).Sosyoloji, (Ed.:, Bülent Özçelik), (Çev.: Kemal İnal) (pp.104 -106) Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Birdsall, N., C. Graham, C., & Pettinato,S. (2000). Stuck in the tunnel: is globalization muddling the middle class?. Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, Working Paper, No: 14. google scholar
  • Boratav, K. (2004). İstanbul ve Anadolu’ dan sınıf profilleri, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Boratav, K. (2016). 1980’li yıllarda Türkiye’ de sosyal sınıflar ve bölüşüm, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Chotikapanich, D., Valenzuela, R., & Rebecca,D.S. (1997). Global and regional inequality in the distribution of income: Estimation with limited and incomplete data, Rebecca Valenzuela and D.S. Prasada Rao Empirical Economics, vol. 22 (4), 533 - 46. google scholar
  • Curtis, C. (2013). Middle class identity in the modern world: How politics and economics matter. Canadian Review of Sociology, Vol. 50(2): 203 - 226. google scholar
  • Davis, J. C., Huston, J.H. (1992). The shrinking middle income class: A multivariate analysis. Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 18(3): 277- 285. google scholar
  • Easterly, W. (2000). The middle class consensus and economic development. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2346. google scholar
  • Edgell, S. (1998). Sınıf, (Çev.: Didem Özyiğit), (Haz.:, Berna Ülner), (pp.131-136) Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Eksi, O., Kırdar, M. G. (2015). Emek gelirlerinin ve eşitsizliğinin Türkiye için bir analizi: 2002-2011. Discussion Paper, No. 2015/2, Turkish Economic Association, Ankara Kent google scholar
  • Firebaugh, G. (1999). Empirics of world income inequality. American Journal of Sociology, vol.104, pp. 1597-1630. google scholar
  • Franco, R., Hopenhayn, M., & Leon, B.A. (2011). The growing and changing middle class in Latin America: an update. Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comision Economica para America Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), April. google scholar
  • Giddens, A. (2008). Sosyoloji, (Çev.: Eren Rızvanoğlu), (Haz.:, Cemal Güzel), İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Khakhulina, L. (2001). The subjective middle class: Income, material situation, and value orientations. Sociological Research,Vol. 40(4), 71-92. google scholar
  • Korzeniewick, R.P., Timothy, M. (1997). World economic trends in the distribution of income, 1965-1992. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. (102), 1000-39. google scholar
  • Liechty, M. (2003). Suitably modern: Making middle class culture in a new consumer society, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar. google scholar
  • Lora, E., Fajardo, J. (2013). Latin American middle classes: The distance between perception and reality. Economia, Vol.14 (1), 33 - 60. google scholar
  • Lopez-Calva, L. F., Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2014). Vulnerability approach to the definition of the middle class. The Journal of Economic Inequality, Vol. 12(1), 23-47. google scholar
  • Milanovic, B. (2002). True world income distribution, 1988 and 1993: First calculation based on household surveys alone. The Economic Journal, Vol. 112(476), 51-92. google scholar
  • Milanovic, B., Yitzhaki, S. (2002). Decomposing World Income Distribution: Does the World Have a Middle Class?. Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 48(2). google scholar
  • Öngen, T. (2014). Prometheus’un sönmeyen ateşi: günümüzde işçi sınıfı, İstanbul: Yordam Kitap. google scholar
  • Pressman, S. (2007). The decline of the middle class: an international perspective. Journal of Economic Issues, 181-200. google scholar
  • Pressman, S. (2010). The middle class throughout the world in the mid-2000s. Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 44(1), 243-262. google scholar
  • Rasch, R. (2015). Measuring the middle class in middle income countries. In Forum for Social Economics (No. ahead-of-print, pp. 1-16). Routledge. google scholar
  • Schultz, T.P. (1998). Inequality in the distribution of personal income in the world: How it is changing and why. Working Paper, Center Discussion Paper, No. 784. google scholar
  • Teichman, J. (2015). The role of the middle class in distributional outcomes: Chile and South Korea. Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 50(1), 1-21. google scholar
  • Thurow, L. (1984). The disappearance of the middle class. New York Times Feb 5, Times,http://www.nytimes. com/1984/02/05/business/business-forum-the-disappearanceof- the-middle-class.html. google scholar
  • Weber, M. (2012). Ekonomi ve toplum I, (Ed.:, Peren Birsaygılı Mut), (Çev.: Latif Boyacı), İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları. google scholar
  • Winkelmann, L., Winkelmann, R. (2016). Does inequality harm the middle class?. Kyklos, 63(2), 301-316. google scholar
  • Wright, E.O. (2016). Sınıflar, (Çev.:, Selma Toral), İstanbul: NotaBene Yayınları. google scholar
  • World Bank, (2021). New country classifications by income level: 2019-2020, Published on Data Blog, Retrieved from: 13.09.2020, https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-income-level- 2019-2020 google scholar
  • Yılmaz, H. (2007). Türkiye’de Orta Sınıfı Tanımlamak: Ekonomik Düzeyler, Siyasi Tutumlar, Hayat Tarzları, Dinsel- Ahlaki Yönelimler, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2020, www.hakanyilmaz.info. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, H. (2012). Conservatism in Turkiye, Euroskepticism in Turkiye, Middle Classes in Turkiye, Updating three previously conducted research projects. Date of completion: June 2012. google scholar
Yıl 2022, Sayı: 65, 1 - 13, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-1019892

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Atkinson, A.B., Brandolini, A. (2011). On the identification of the middle class. Ecineq Working Paper Series, No: 2011-217, pp. 1-28. google scholar
  • Bakış, O., Polat, S. (2013). Wage inequality in Turkiye. Sabancı Üniversitesi Rekabet Forumu, Working Paper, 2013-2. google scholar
  • Balıkçıoğlu, E., Dalgıç, B. (2015). Türkiye’de orta gelir sınıfın profili. Jebpir, Vol. 1 (1), 17-31. Balıkçıoğlu, E., Dalgıç, B., & Fazlıoğlu, B. (2016). Türkiye’de orta gelirden düşük gelir ve yüksek gelire geçişin belirleyicileri. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt. 14(2), 341-355. google scholar
  • Bigot, R., Croutte, P., Muller, J., & Osier, G. (2012). The middle classes in Europe: Evidence from the LIS data. LIS Working Paper Series, No: 580. google scholar
  • Beyaz Sipahi, B. (2021). Türkiye’de gelir hareketliliği: Gelir eşitsizliği ve yoksulluk üzerine etkisi, Teoride İktisadi, Mali ve Finansal Uygulama ve Anlayışlar, (pp. 31- 45) Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara. google scholar
  • Bilton, T., K. Bonnet,K., Jones,P., Lawson,T., Skinner,D., Stanworth,M., & Webster, A. (2009).Sosyoloji, (Ed.:, Bülent Özçelik), (Çev.: Kemal İnal) (pp.104 -106) Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Birdsall, N., C. Graham, C., & Pettinato,S. (2000). Stuck in the tunnel: is globalization muddling the middle class?. Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, Working Paper, No: 14. google scholar
  • Boratav, K. (2004). İstanbul ve Anadolu’ dan sınıf profilleri, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Boratav, K. (2016). 1980’li yıllarda Türkiye’ de sosyal sınıflar ve bölüşüm, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Chotikapanich, D., Valenzuela, R., & Rebecca,D.S. (1997). Global and regional inequality in the distribution of income: Estimation with limited and incomplete data, Rebecca Valenzuela and D.S. Prasada Rao Empirical Economics, vol. 22 (4), 533 - 46. google scholar
  • Curtis, C. (2013). Middle class identity in the modern world: How politics and economics matter. Canadian Review of Sociology, Vol. 50(2): 203 - 226. google scholar
  • Davis, J. C., Huston, J.H. (1992). The shrinking middle income class: A multivariate analysis. Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 18(3): 277- 285. google scholar
  • Easterly, W. (2000). The middle class consensus and economic development. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2346. google scholar
  • Edgell, S. (1998). Sınıf, (Çev.: Didem Özyiğit), (Haz.:, Berna Ülner), (pp.131-136) Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Eksi, O., Kırdar, M. G. (2015). Emek gelirlerinin ve eşitsizliğinin Türkiye için bir analizi: 2002-2011. Discussion Paper, No. 2015/2, Turkish Economic Association, Ankara Kent google scholar
  • Firebaugh, G. (1999). Empirics of world income inequality. American Journal of Sociology, vol.104, pp. 1597-1630. google scholar
  • Franco, R., Hopenhayn, M., & Leon, B.A. (2011). The growing and changing middle class in Latin America: an update. Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comision Economica para America Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), April. google scholar
  • Giddens, A. (2008). Sosyoloji, (Çev.: Eren Rızvanoğlu), (Haz.:, Cemal Güzel), İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları. google scholar
  • Khakhulina, L. (2001). The subjective middle class: Income, material situation, and value orientations. Sociological Research,Vol. 40(4), 71-92. google scholar
  • Korzeniewick, R.P., Timothy, M. (1997). World economic trends in the distribution of income, 1965-1992. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. (102), 1000-39. google scholar
  • Liechty, M. (2003). Suitably modern: Making middle class culture in a new consumer society, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar. google scholar
  • Lora, E., Fajardo, J. (2013). Latin American middle classes: The distance between perception and reality. Economia, Vol.14 (1), 33 - 60. google scholar
  • Lopez-Calva, L. F., Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2014). Vulnerability approach to the definition of the middle class. The Journal of Economic Inequality, Vol. 12(1), 23-47. google scholar
  • Milanovic, B. (2002). True world income distribution, 1988 and 1993: First calculation based on household surveys alone. The Economic Journal, Vol. 112(476), 51-92. google scholar
  • Milanovic, B., Yitzhaki, S. (2002). Decomposing World Income Distribution: Does the World Have a Middle Class?. Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 48(2). google scholar
  • Öngen, T. (2014). Prometheus’un sönmeyen ateşi: günümüzde işçi sınıfı, İstanbul: Yordam Kitap. google scholar
  • Pressman, S. (2007). The decline of the middle class: an international perspective. Journal of Economic Issues, 181-200. google scholar
  • Pressman, S. (2010). The middle class throughout the world in the mid-2000s. Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 44(1), 243-262. google scholar
  • Rasch, R. (2015). Measuring the middle class in middle income countries. In Forum for Social Economics (No. ahead-of-print, pp. 1-16). Routledge. google scholar
  • Schultz, T.P. (1998). Inequality in the distribution of personal income in the world: How it is changing and why. Working Paper, Center Discussion Paper, No. 784. google scholar
  • Teichman, J. (2015). The role of the middle class in distributional outcomes: Chile and South Korea. Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 50(1), 1-21. google scholar
  • Thurow, L. (1984). The disappearance of the middle class. New York Times Feb 5, Times,http://www.nytimes. com/1984/02/05/business/business-forum-the-disappearanceof- the-middle-class.html. google scholar
  • Weber, M. (2012). Ekonomi ve toplum I, (Ed.:, Peren Birsaygılı Mut), (Çev.: Latif Boyacı), İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları. google scholar
  • Winkelmann, L., Winkelmann, R. (2016). Does inequality harm the middle class?. Kyklos, 63(2), 301-316. google scholar
  • Wright, E.O. (2016). Sınıflar, (Çev.:, Selma Toral), İstanbul: NotaBene Yayınları. google scholar
  • World Bank, (2021). New country classifications by income level: 2019-2020, Published on Data Blog, Retrieved from: 13.09.2020, https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-income-level- 2019-2020 google scholar
  • Yılmaz, H. (2007). Türkiye’de Orta Sınıfı Tanımlamak: Ekonomik Düzeyler, Siyasi Tutumlar, Hayat Tarzları, Dinsel- Ahlaki Yönelimler, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2020, www.hakanyilmaz.info. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, H. (2012). Conservatism in Turkiye, Euroskepticism in Turkiye, Middle Classes in Turkiye, Updating three previously conducted research projects. Date of completion: June 2012. google scholar
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Banu Beyaz Sipahi 0000-0002-5242-5049

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Beyaz Sipahi, B. (2022). Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(65), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-1019892
AMA Beyaz Sipahi B. Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. Haziran 2022;(65):1-13. doi:10.26650/JECS2021-1019892
Chicago Beyaz Sipahi, Banu. “Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 65 (Haziran 2022): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-1019892.
EndNote Beyaz Sipahi B (01 Haziran 2022) Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 65 1–13.
IEEE B. Beyaz Sipahi, “Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 65, ss. 1–13, Haziran 2022, doi: 10.26650/JECS2021-1019892.
ISNAD Beyaz Sipahi, Banu. “Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 65 (Haziran 2022), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-1019892.
JAMA Beyaz Sipahi B. Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2022;:1–13.
MLA Beyaz Sipahi, Banu. “Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 65, 2022, ss. 1-13, doi:10.26650/JECS2021-1019892.
Vancouver Beyaz Sipahi B. Determinants of Mobility in the Middle-Income Classes for Turkiye. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2022(65):1-13.