Exploring of Parental Attitudes in the Context of the Digitalized Family

Öz

The present descriptive survey research attempted to explore parents’ digital parenting attitudes by certain variables related to children’s use of technological tools. A total of 388 parents, 273 mothers and 115 fathers, with children aged 6-15 years were recruited for the study. The data were collected via Google forms using a demographic information form and the “Digital Parenting Attitude Scale” developed by İnan Kaya et al. and analyzed utilizing Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The findings revealed that the parents with children aged 11-15 years, with children using technological devices for 8 hours or more, and not supervising or restricting their children in the use of technological tools had a significantly stronger approval attitude toward the effective use of digital media. It was also found that parents with children watching TV the most, thinking that their children excessively use technological tools, and always supervising and restricting their children had a significantly stronger protective attitude against the risks of digital media. Overall, based on the findings, the paper concluded with some recommendations for parents, experts, and researchers. Keywords: Digital parenting, digital parenting attitudes, effective use, risk protection, technological tools.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital parenting attitudes
• Effective use
• Risk protection
• Technology
• Technological tools

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, M. (2016). Parents, teens, and digital monitoring. Washington: Pew Research Center.
2. Aral, N., & Doğan-Keskin, A. (2020). Çocuklarda teknoloji bağımlılığı. In C. Şahin, & S. Günüç (Eds.), Teknoloji bağımlılıkları (pp. 237-261). Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
3. Aşkın, D. (2020). Being a family in the tech network: Digital families, digital parenting and domestic alienation. In E. Dikici, O. Tire, & S. Adıgüzel (Eds.), Family and sociology (pp. 196-212). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
4. Benedetto, L., & Ingrassia, M. (2020). Digital parenting: Raising and protecting children in media world. In Parenting-Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective. IntechOpen.
5. Bostancı, M. (2019). Digital parents' perception of privacy in social media. Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 10(38), 115-127. doi: 10.5824/1309‐1581.2019.3.005.x
6. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2019). Scientific research methods in education. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
7. Cadoret, G., Bigras, N., Lemay, L., Lehrer, J., & Lemire, J. (2018). Relationship between screen- time and motor proficiency in children: A longitudinal study. Early Child Development and Care, 188(2), 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2016.1211123
8. Çetinkaya, L., & Sütçü, S. S. (2016). Parents’ restrictions on their children’s use of ınformation technologies and their reasons from the perspective of their children. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 7(1), 79-116. https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.58102

9. Duch, H., Fisher, E. M., Ensari, I., & Harrington, A. (2013). Screen time use in children under 3 years old: Asystematic review of correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 102. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-102
10. Echeburúa, E., Labrador, F. J., & Becoña, E. (2009). Adicción a las nuevas tecnologías en adolescentes y jóvenes. Madrid: Pirámide.
11. Geurts, M. S., Koning, I. M., Vossen, H., & Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2021). A qualitative study on children’s digital media use and parents’ self-interest. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02074-3
12. Gjelaj, M., Buza,K., Shatri, K., & Zabeli, N. (2020). Digital technologies in early childhood: Attitudes and practices of parents and teachers in Kosovo. International Journal of Instruction, 13(1), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13111a
13. Global Kids Online (2016). Research synthesis 2015-2016. New York: UNICEF.
14. Güney, Z. (2020). A research on children's use of social media. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 11(1), 188-199.
15. He, M., Pich, L., Beynon, C., & Harris, S. (2010). Screen-related sedentary behaviors: Children’s and parents’ attitudes, motivations, and practices. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2008.11.011
16. Hesketh, K. D., Crawford, D. A., Abbott, G., Campbell, K. J., & Salmon, J. (2015). Prevalence and stability of active play, restricted movement and television viewing in infants. Early Child Development and Care, 185(6), 883–894. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2014.963066
17. Huang, G., Xiaoqian, L., Chen, W., & Straubhaar, J. D. (2018). Fall-behind parents? The influential fac- tors on digital parenting self-efficacy in disadvantaged communities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62, 1186–1206.
18. İmren, M. (2019). A review on the variables predicting media multitasking. Nesne, 7(14), 136- 147. doi: 10.7816/nesne-07-14-09
19. İnan Kaya, G., Mutlu Bayraktar, D., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2018). Digital parenting attitude scale: validity and reliability study. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (46), 149-173. doi: 10.21764/ maeuefd.390626
20. Juhanak, L., Zounek, J., Zaleska, K., Barta, O., & Vlckova, K. (2019). The relationship between the age at first computer use and students' perceived competence and autonomy in ICT usage: A mediation analysis. Computers and Education, 141(103614), 1-14. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103614
21. Karagülle, A., & Çaycı, B. (2014). Socialization and alienatıon in the network society. The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 4(1), 1-9.
22. Karakaya, İ. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. In A. Tanrıöğen (Ed.), Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (pp. 57-86). Ankara: Anı Publishing.
23. Kavitha, K., & Sikandar, B. J. (2021). Digital parenting ıssues, challenges and nursing implications. Journal of Pediatric Surgical Nursing, 10(3):100-104.
24. Lam, P., Hiscock, H., & Wake, M. (2003). Outcomes ofinfant sleep problems: A longitudinal study of sleep, behavior, and maternal well-being. Pediatrics, 111, 203–207.
25. Lenhart, A., Smith, A., Anderson, M., Duggan, M., & Perrin, A. (2015). Teens, technology and friendships. Washington: Pew Research Center.
26. Lev, Y. B., Elias, N., & Levy, S. T. (2018). Development of infants’ media habits in the age of digital parenting. In G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte, & A. Jorge (Eds.), Digital parenting the challenges for families in the digital age (pp. 103-112). The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media.
27. Lim, S. S. (2018). Transcendent parenting in digitally connected families when the technological meets the social. In G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte, & A. Jorge (Eds.), Digital parenting the challenges for families in the digital age (pp. 19-30). The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media.
28. Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1): 82-105. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12277
29. Livingstone, S., & Byrne, A. (2018). Parenting in the digital age the challenges of parental responsibility in comparative perspective. In G. Mascheroni, C. Ponte, & A. Jorge (Eds.), Digital parenting the challenges for families in the digital age (pp. 31-39). Göteborg: The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media.
30. Lowry, R., Wechsler, H., Galuska, D.A., Fulton, J.E., & Kann, L. (2002). Television viewing and its associations with overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and ınsufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables among us high school students: Differences by race, ethnicity, and gender. Journal of School Health 72(10):413–421. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb03551.x
31. Mertala, P. (2019). Digital technologies in early childhood education–a frame analysis of preservice teachers’ perceptions. Early Child Development and Care, 189(8), 1228- 1241.
32. Madden, M. (2012). Parents, teens, and online privacy. Washington: Pew Research Center.
33. Milovidow, E. (2020). Parenting in the digital age positive parenting strategies for different scenarios. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
34. Nathanson, A. I. (1999). Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and chil¬dren’s aggression. Communication Research, 26(2), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002002
35. Nathanson, A. I. (2002). The unintended effects of parental mediation of television on adolescents. Media Psychology, 4(3), 207-230. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0403_01
36. Neumann, M. M. (2015). Young children and screen time: Creating a mindful approach to digital technology. Australian Educational Computing, 30(2), 1-15.
37. Nikken, P., & Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3423-3435.
38. Nikken, P. (2017). Implications of low or high media use among parents for young children’s media use. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychological Research on Cyberspace, 11(3), article 1. http://dx.doi. org/10.5817/CP2017-3-1
39. Nikken, P. (2019). Iene Miene Media: Een review van het mediagebruik van kinderen tussen de 0 en 6 jaar in Nederland sinds 2012. Nederlands: Netwerk Mediawijsheid.
40. Okumuş, V., & Parlar, H., (2018). Children's social media usage purposes and parent's attitudes. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(33), 357-368.
41. Özkan, A., & Hira, İ. (2017). Digital media and socialization: Parents view on 6-12 age children socialization (İstanbul case). Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 9, 245-270.
42. Page, A. S., Cooper, A. R., Griew, P., & Jago, R. (2010).Children’s screen viewing is related to psychologicaldifficulties irrespective of physical activity. Pediatrics,126(5), 1011–1017.
43. Przybyiski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2019). Digital screen time limits and young children’s psychological well-being: Evidence from a population-based study. Child Development, 90(1), 56–65. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13007
44. Reid Chassiakos, Y. L., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., & Cross, C. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2593
45. Santisarun, P., & Boonkrong, S. (2015). Social network monitoring application for parents with children under thirteen. 2015 7th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST). https://doi.org/10.1109/kst.2015.7051456
46. Santrock, J. W. (2004). Educational psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
47. Shin, W., & Huh, J. (2011). Parental mediation of teenagers’ video game playing: Antecedents and consequences. New Media and Society, 13(6), 945–962.
48. Ulusoy, A., & Bostancı, M. (2014). Children's social media use and the role of parents. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 28, 559-572.
49. Utma, S. (2020). The effect of social media on the transformation of the family institution: Digitalization of family communication. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(71), 1016-1023.
50. Üstündağ, A. (2019). Digital games preferred by children aged 4-6. ÇKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2), 1-19.
51. Vessey, J., Yim-Chiplis, P., & MacKenzie, N. (1998). Effects of television viewing on children’s development. Pediatric Nursing, 24(5): 483–486.
52. Yaman, F., Çubukçu, A., Küçükali, M., & Kabakçı-Yurdakul, I. (2021). An investigation of parents’ use of digital media. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.34293/ education.v10i1.4327
53. Yurdigül, A., & Deveci, M. (2021). Transformation of parenting on the axis of new communication technologies: Opportunities and threats]. In A. Zinderen (Ed.), Digital sociology studies (pp. 139-159). Ankara: Nobel Scientific.
54. Yusuf, M., Witro, D., Diana, R., Santosa, T. A., Alfikri, A. A., & Jalwis, J. (2020). Digital parenting to children using the internet. Pedagogik Journal of Islamic Elementary School, 3(1), 1–14. doi: 10.24256/pijies.v3i1.1277
55. Yücelyiğit, S., & Aral, N. (2020). Children’s and their parents’ use of digital technology with the aim of production or consumption. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 1071-1084.
56. Zabatiero, J., Straker, L., Mantilla, A., Edwards, S., & Danby, S. (2018). Young children and digital technology: Australian early childhood education and care sector adults’ perspectives. Australasian journal of early childhood, 43(2), 14-22.
57. Zeybekoğlu-Akbaş, Ö. & Dursun, C. (2020). The impact of technology on the family: Digital parent and children of the changing family. Turkish Studies-Social, 15(4), 2245-2265.