Effect Of Entrepreneurship and Innovation On Economic Growth: An Empirical Research

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 17 - 51, 01.12.2016

Gökhan Özkul Emre Örün

Öz

The rising of wealth and welfare of a society depend on developing entrepreneurship and innovation potential which affect the economic growth. With the rapid change in the globalization and information and communication technologies, entrepreneurship and innovation have been important factors which contribute to efficiency. Thus, entrepreneurship and innovation are indicated in a lot of developed and developing countries as basic resources of sustainable economic growth. In this context, the influence of the entrepreneurship and innovation on the economic growth has been examined by utilizing the GEM data between 2002 and 2013 of the 9 OECD countries with full data by panel data analysis in the article. According to the research findings, technological innovation intensity has been positive and meaningful impact on economic growth in the five models and entrepreneurship which has been considered as a new firm formation has been positive and meaningful impact on the economic growth in just two model in which entrepreneurship has been built as a necessitydriven entrepreneurial activity and nascent entrepreneurship rate.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Economic Growth, Panel Data Analysis

Girişimcilik ve İnovasyonun Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bir toplumun refah ve zenginlik seviyesinin yükselmesi büyümeyi etkileyebilme münasebeti ile gelişen girişimcilik ve inovasyon potansiyeline bağlıdır. Küreselleşme ve bilgi iletişim teknolojilerinde meydana gelen hızlı değişimler ile birlikte girişimcilik ve inovasyon verimliliği arttıran en önemli unsurlar haline gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla birçok gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkede sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümenin temel kaynağı olarak girişimcilik ve inovasyon gösterilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada girişimcilik ve inovasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi 2002-2013 yıllarını kapsayan, verileri tam olan 9 OECD ülkesinin GEM verilerinden yararlanılarak panel veri analizi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre kurulan beş modelde de teknolojik inovasyon yoğunluğunun pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu, yeni firma yaratma olarak değerlendirilen girişimciliğin ise sadece olgunlaşmamış girişimcilik oranı ve zorunluluğa dayalı girişimcilik faaliyeti olarak girişimciliğin kurgulandığı modellerde ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Girişimcilik, İnovasyon, Ekonomik Büyüme, Panel Veri Analizi

Kaynakça

• Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351.
• Andersen, E. S., Dahl, M. S., Lundvall, B.-A., & Reichstein, T. (June, 2006). Schumpeter’s Process of Creative Destruction and The Scandinavian Systems: A Tale of Two Effects. The DRUID Conference on Knowledge, Innovation and Competitiveness, (s. 1-25). Copenhagen, Denmark.
• Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., & Audrersch, D. (2016). Institutional Factors, Opportunity Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 102, 45-61.
• Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2007). Applied Econometrics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, A. R. (2000). Capitalism and Democracy in 21st Century: From the Managed to the Entrepreneurial Economy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 10(1), 17-34.
• Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, A. R. (2001). What’s New about the New Economy? Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(1), 267-315.
• Audretsch, D. B., Bonte, W., & Keilbach, M. (2008). Entrepreneurship Capital and its Impact on Knowledge Diffusion and Economic Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 687-698.
• Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. (2001). Does Entrepreneurship Reduce Unemployment? Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 1-23.
• Audretsch, D. B., Carree, M. A., Stel, A. J., & Thurik, A. (2002). Impeded Industrial Restructuring: The Growth Penalty. Kyklos, 55(1), 81-98.
• Baldwin, J., & Picot, G. (1995). Employment Generation by Small Producers in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector. Small Business Economics, 7(4), 317-331.
• Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric Analysis Of Panel Data. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons Ltd.
• Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443.
• Bilbao-Osorio, B., & Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2004). From R&D to Innovation and Economic Growth in the EU. Growth and Change, 35(4), 434-455.
• Bosma, N., Coduras, A., Litovsky, Y., & Seaman, J. (2012). GEM Manual A Report on the Design, Data and Quality Control of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. GEM, Version 2012-9.
• Bozkurt, C. (2015). R&D Expenditures and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 188-198.
• Brouwer, M. T. (2000). Entrepreneurship and Uncertaintly: Innovation and Competition Among the Many. Small Business Economics, 15(2), 149-160.
• Bujari, A. A., & Mart´ınez, F. V. (2016). Technological Innovation and Economic Growth in Latin America. Revista Mexicana de Econom´ıa y Finanzas, 11(2), 77-89.
• Cainelli, G., Evangelista, R., & Savona, M. (2006). Innovation and Economic Performance in Services: A Firm-Level Analysis. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 30(3), 435-458.
• Cameron, G. (1998). Innovation and Growth: A Survey of the Empirical Evidence. 1-34. Oxford: Nuffield College.
• Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2002). The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth. The International Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, 1, 437-471.
• Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). Understanding The Role of Entrepreneurship For Economic Growth. Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, Max Planck Institute, 1-11.
• Coe, D. T., & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review, 39(5), 859-887.
• Cuervo, A. (2005). Individual and Environmental Determinants of Entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 293-311.
• Davidsson, P., Lindmark, L., & Olofsson, C. (1998). Smallness, Newness and Regional Development. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, 28(1), 57-71.
• Dejardin, M. (2000). Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: An Obvious Conjunction? The Institute for Development Strategies, 1-14.
• Döm, S. (2006). Girişimcilik ve Küçük İşletme Yöneticiliği. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Elçi, Ş. (2007). İnovasyon Kalkınmanın ve Rekabetin Anahtarı. Ankara: Nova Yayınları.
• Evans, D. N., & Leighton, L. S. (1989). The Determinants of Changes in U.S. SelfEmployment, 1968-1987. Small Business Economics, 1(2), 111-119.
• Fritsch, M. (1997). New Firms and Regional Employment Change. Small Business Economics, 9(5), 437-448.
• Fritsch, M., & Mueller, P. (2008). The Effect of New Business Formation on Regional Development Over Time: The Case of Germany. Small Business Economics, 30(1), 15-29.
• Galindo, M. A., & Mendez-Picazo, M. T. (2013). Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Management Decision, 51(3), 501-514.
• Galindo, M.-A., & Méndez, M. T. (2014). Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Innovation: Are Feedback Effect at Work? Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 825-829.
• Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Gülmez, A., & Akpolat, A. G. (2014). Ar-Ge & İnovasyon Ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye Ve AB Örneği İçin Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(2), 1-17.
• Gülmez, A., & Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2012, Temmuz-Aralık). OECD Ülkelerinde Ar-Ge Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi (1990-2010). Maliye Dergisi(163), 335-353.
• Hafer, R. W. (2013). Entrepreneurship and State Economic Growth. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 2(1), 67-19.
• Hanusch, H., Chakraborty, L., & Khurana, S. (2016). Public Expenditures, Innovation and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from G20 Countries. Beitrag: Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre.
• Hasan, I., & Tucci, C. L. (2010). The Innovation Economic Growth Nexus: Global Evidence. Research Policy, 39(10), 1264-1276.
• Hessels, J., & Stel, A. v. (2011). Entrepreneurship, Export Orientation, and Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 37(2), 255-268.
• Holcombe, R. G. (1998). Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, 1(2), 45-62.
• Işık, N., Göktaş, D., & Kılınç, E. C. (2011). İktisadi Büyümede Girişimciliğin Rolü. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 6(1), 147-178.
• Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Karlsson, S., & Lothgren, M. (1999). On the Power and Interpretation of Panel Unit Root Test. (299), 1-10. Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance.
• Lichtenberg, F. R. (1992). R&D Investment and International Productivity Differences. NBER Working Paper No.4161.
• Manser, M. E., & Picot, G. (1999). The Role of Self-Employment in U.S. and Canadian Job Growth. Monthly Labor Review, 122(4), 10-25.
• Martin, M.-A. G., Picazo, M. T., & Navarro, J. A. (2010). Entrepreneurship, Income Distribution and Economic Growth. International Entrepreneurship Management, 6(2), 131-141.
• OECD. (2001). Drivers of Growth: Information Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. OECD.
• OECD. (2003). Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development. France: OECD.
• O’Farrell, P. N. (1985). Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: Some Conceptual Issues. Regional Studies, 20(6), 565-574.
• Özkul, G., & Dulupçu, M. A. (2007). Kişisel Gelişimin Girişimci Tipleri Üzerine Etkisi: Antalya-Isparta İllerinde Bir İnceleme. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 2(2), 67-92.
• Reynolds, P. D. (1999). Creative Destruction: Source or Symptom of Economic Growth? Z. J. Acs, B. Carlsson, & H. Karlsson (Dü) içinde, Entrepreneurship, Small&Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy (s. 97-136). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Samimi, A. J., & Alerasoul, S. M. (2009). R&D and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Some Developing Countries. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), 3464-3469.
• Singer, S., Amoros, J. E., & Moska, D. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014 Global Report. GEM.
• Stel, A. v., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). The Effect of Entrpreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 311-321.
• Stevenson, L., Daoud, Y., Sadeq, T., & Tartir, A. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: GEM-MENA Regional Report 2009 (Middle East and North Africa). Cairo, Egypt: International Development Research Centre.
• Storey, D. J. (1991). The Birth of New Firms –Does Unemployment Matter? A Review of Evidence. Small Business Economics, 3(3), 167-178.
• Sylwester, K. (2001). R&D and Economic Growth. Knowledge, Technology, & Policy, 13(4), 71-84.
• Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2012). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
• Turhan, M., & Taşseven, Ö. (2010). Yönetim Fonksiyonlarının Uygulandığı Alanlarda Ortaya Çıkan Hata Değerlerininin Oluşturduğu Yeni İlişkilerin Panel Veri Modelleri İle İrdelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri Ve İstatistik Dergisi(11), 128-153.
• Ülkü, H. (2004). R&D, Innovation, and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. 1-36. IMF Working Paper, No:04/185.
• Ünsal, E. M. (2007). İktisadi Büyüme. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
• Wennekers, S., & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27-55.
• Wong, P. K., Ho, Y. P., & Autio, E. (2005). Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM Data. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 335- 350.
• Zhang, L., Song, W., & He, J. (2012). Empirical Research on the Relationship between Scientific Innovation and Economic Growth in Beijing. Technology and Investment, 3(3), 168-173.