BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Impacts of Accumulation of R&D Capital on Total Factor Productivity: Case of Turkey

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 147 - 166, 01.12.2015

Özlem Fikirli Ahmet Kibar Çetin

Öz

In this study, the cointegration relationship between R&D capital stock and total factor productivity TFP is analyzed by applying ARDL method in period of 1990-2013 years in Turkey. The relations of TFP with R&D capital stock were separately examined by dividing into its components state, private, and university . The effects of R&D capital stocks on TFP are directly and indirectly examined. In this study, direct effect is preferred. According to findings, none of components of R&D capital stock do not have statistically significant effects on TFP during the period of investigation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

TFP R&D Capital R&D

Kaynakça

  • Adams, J. D. ve Jaffe, A. B. (1996). “Bounding the Effects of R&D: An Investigation Using Matched Establishment – Firm Data”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5544.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60: 323-351.
  • Atella, V. ve Quintieri, B. (2001). “Do R&D Expenditures Really Matter for TFP?”. Applied Economics, 33: 1385-1389.
  • Ballot, G., Fakhfakh, F. ve Taymaz, E. (2001). “Firms’ Human Capital, R&D and Performance: A Study on French and Swedish Firms”. Labour Economics, 8: 443-462.
  • Bitzer, J. ve Stephan, A. (2006). “A Schumpeter-Inspired Approach to the Construction of R&D Capital Stocks”. Applied Economics, 39 (2): 179-189.
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J., Evans, J. (1975). “Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationship over time”. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series (B) 37, 149–163.
  • Cecchini, L. ve Lai-Tong, C. (2008). “The Links Between Openness and Productivity in Mediterranean Countries”. Applied Economics, 40: 685-697.
  • Coe, D. T. ve Helpman, E. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”. European Economic Review, 39: 859-887.
  • Coelli, T. J. ve Rao, D. S. P. (2005). “Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture: A Malmquist Index Analysis of 93 Countries, 1980–2000”. Agricultural Economics, 32: 115-134.
  • Cohen, W. M. ve Levinthal, D. A. (1989). “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D”. Economic Journal, 99: 569-596.
  • Comin, D. (2006). “Total Factor Productivity” New York University and NBER. Cuneo, P. ve Mairesse, J. (1984). “Productivity and R&D at the Firm Level in French Manufacturing”. R&D, Patents and Productivity, Chicago University Press.
  • Damijan, J. P., Knell, M., Majcen, B. ve Matija, R. (2003). “The Role of FDI, R&D Accumulation and Trade in Transferring Technology to Transition Countries: Evidence from Firm Panel Data for Eight Transition Countries”. Economic Systems, 27: 189-204.
  • Denison, E. F. (1962). “Sources of Growth in United States and the Alternatives Before U.S.” Supplement Paper 13, New York: Committee for Economic Development.
  • Gong, G. ve Keller, W. (2003). “Convergence and Polarization in Global Income Levels: A Review of Recent Results on the Role of International Technology Diffusion”. Research Policy, 32: 1055-1079.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979). “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10: 92-116.
  • Griliches, Z. ve Lichtenberg, F. (1984). “Interindustry Technology Flows and Productivity Growth: A Reexamination”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 66 (2) : 324-329.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991a). “Trade, Knowledge Spillovers and Growth”. European Economic Review, 35: 517-526.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991b). “Innovation and Growth in the World Economy”. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ha, J. ve Howitt, P. (2007). “Accounting for Trends in Productivity and R&D: A Schumpeterian Critique of Semi-Endogenous Growth Theory”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 39 (4): 733-774.
  • Hall, B. H. ve Mairesse, J. (1995). “Exploring the Relationship Between R&D and Productivity Growth in French Manufacturing Firms”. Journal of Econometrics, 65: 263-294.
  • Howitt, P. (2004). “Endogenous Growth, Productivity and Economic Policy: A Progress Report”. http://www.csls.ca/ipm/8/howitt-e.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.06.2015)
  • Howitt, P. ve Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2002). “R&D, Implementation and Stagnation: A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs”. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, Paper No: 9104.
  • Hulten, C. R. (2001). “Total Factor Productivity A Short Biography”. National Bureau of Economic Research, 8: 1-54.
  • Keller, W. (1998). “Are International R&D Spillovers Trade-Related? Analyzing Spillovers Among Randomly Matched Trade Partners”. European Economic Review, 42: 1469-1481.
  • Keller, W. (2001). “International Technology Diffusion”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Paper No: 8573.
  • Keller, W. (2002). “Trade and the Transmission of Technology”. Journal of Economic Growth, 7: 5-24
  • Kendrick, J. W. (1961). “Productivity Trends in the United States”. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kim, T. ve Park, C. (2003). “R&D, Trade and Productivity Growth in Korean Manufacturing”.
  • Kortum, S. S. (1997). “Research, Patenting and Technological Change”. Journal of The Econometric Society, 65: 1389-1419.
  • Los, B. ve Verspagen, B. (2000). “R&D Spillovers and Productivity: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing Microdata”. Empirical Economics, 25: 127-148.
  • Lucas, R., E. (1988). “On the Mechanisms of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3-42.
  • Lundvall, B. A. (ed.) (1992). National Systems of Innovation: An Analytical Framework, London: Pinter.
  • Madsen, J. B. (2008). “Semi-Endogenous Versus Schumpeterian Growth Models: Testing the Knowledge Production Function Using International Data”. Journal of Economic Growth, 13: 1-26.
  • Meinen, G., Verbiest, P. ve Wolg, P. P. (1998). “Perpetual Inventory Method Service Lives Discard Patterns and Depreciation Methods”. Statistics Netherlands.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). “An Autodistributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis”. Strom, S. (Ed.). Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289–326.
  • Prescott, E. C. (1998). “Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity”. International Economic Review, 39: 525-551.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy, 92: 71-102.
  • Saygılı, Ş., Cihan, C. ve Yurtoğlu, H. (2002). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde SermayeBirikimi, Büyüme ve Verimlilik: 1972-2000”. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Yayın No: 2665.
  • Schankerman, M. (1981). “The Effects of Double-Counting and Expensing on the Measured Returns to R&D”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 454-458.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 39: 312-320.
  • Verspagen, B. (1995). “R&D and Productivity: A Broad Cross-Section CrossCountry Look”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6: 119-135.
  • Voutsinas, I. ve Tsamadias, C. (2014). “Does Research and Development Capital Affect Total Factor Productivity? Evidence from Greece”. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23: 631-651.
  • Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K., Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012). “Orta Gelir Tuzağı’ndan Çıkış: Hangi Türkiye?” http://turkonfed.org/Files/ContentFile/ogt-1sektorel_analiz. pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2014).
  • Zachariadis, M. (2003). “R&D, Innovation and Technological Progress: A Test of the Schumpeterian Framework without Scale Effects”. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36: 566-586.

Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 147 - 166, 01.12.2015

Özlem Fikirli Ahmet Kibar Çetin

Öz

Bu çalışmada 1990-2013 yılları arasında Türkiye’de Ar-Ge sermaye birikimi ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği TFV arasındaki eş-bütünleşme ilişkisi ARDL sınır testi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. TFV’nin Ar-Ge sermaye birikimiyle ilişkisi, Ar-Ge sermaye stokunun bileşenlerine ayrılarak tek tek incelenmiştir. Ar-Ge sermaye birikiminin TFV üzerindeki etkisi doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak incelenmekte olup, bu çalışmada “doğrudan Ar-Ge etkisi” tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre inceleme dönemi içinde Ar-Ge sermaye birikimi bileşenlerinden hiçbirinin TFV üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunamamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

TFV Ar-Ge Sermayesi Ar-Ge

Kaynakça

  • Adams, J. D. ve Jaffe, A. B. (1996). “Bounding the Effects of R&D: An Investigation Using Matched Establishment – Firm Data”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series, Working Paper 5544.
  • Aghion, P. ve Howitt, P. (1992). “A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction”. Econometrica, 60: 323-351.
  • Atella, V. ve Quintieri, B. (2001). “Do R&D Expenditures Really Matter for TFP?”. Applied Economics, 33: 1385-1389.
  • Ballot, G., Fakhfakh, F. ve Taymaz, E. (2001). “Firms’ Human Capital, R&D and Performance: A Study on French and Swedish Firms”. Labour Economics, 8: 443-462.
  • Bitzer, J. ve Stephan, A. (2006). “A Schumpeter-Inspired Approach to the Construction of R&D Capital Stocks”. Applied Economics, 39 (2): 179-189.
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J., Evans, J. (1975). “Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationship over time”. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series (B) 37, 149–163.
  • Cecchini, L. ve Lai-Tong, C. (2008). “The Links Between Openness and Productivity in Mediterranean Countries”. Applied Economics, 40: 685-697.
  • Coe, D. T. ve Helpman, E. (1995). “International R&D Spillovers”. European Economic Review, 39: 859-887.
  • Coelli, T. J. ve Rao, D. S. P. (2005). “Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture: A Malmquist Index Analysis of 93 Countries, 1980–2000”. Agricultural Economics, 32: 115-134.
  • Cohen, W. M. ve Levinthal, D. A. (1989). “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D”. Economic Journal, 99: 569-596.
  • Comin, D. (2006). “Total Factor Productivity” New York University and NBER. Cuneo, P. ve Mairesse, J. (1984). “Productivity and R&D at the Firm Level in French Manufacturing”. R&D, Patents and Productivity, Chicago University Press.
  • Damijan, J. P., Knell, M., Majcen, B. ve Matija, R. (2003). “The Role of FDI, R&D Accumulation and Trade in Transferring Technology to Transition Countries: Evidence from Firm Panel Data for Eight Transition Countries”. Economic Systems, 27: 189-204.
  • Denison, E. F. (1962). “Sources of Growth in United States and the Alternatives Before U.S.” Supplement Paper 13, New York: Committee for Economic Development.
  • Gong, G. ve Keller, W. (2003). “Convergence and Polarization in Global Income Levels: A Review of Recent Results on the Role of International Technology Diffusion”. Research Policy, 32: 1055-1079.
  • Griliches, Z. (1979). “Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth”. The Bell Journal of Economics, 10: 92-116.
  • Griliches, Z. ve Lichtenberg, F. (1984). “Interindustry Technology Flows and Productivity Growth: A Reexamination”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 66 (2) : 324-329.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991a). “Trade, Knowledge Spillovers and Growth”. European Economic Review, 35: 517-526.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Helpman, E. (1991b). “Innovation and Growth in the World Economy”. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ha, J. ve Howitt, P. (2007). “Accounting for Trends in Productivity and R&D: A Schumpeterian Critique of Semi-Endogenous Growth Theory”. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 39 (4): 733-774.
  • Hall, B. H. ve Mairesse, J. (1995). “Exploring the Relationship Between R&D and Productivity Growth in French Manufacturing Firms”. Journal of Econometrics, 65: 263-294.
  • Howitt, P. (2004). “Endogenous Growth, Productivity and Economic Policy: A Progress Report”. http://www.csls.ca/ipm/8/howitt-e.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.06.2015)
  • Howitt, P. ve Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2002). “R&D, Implementation and Stagnation: A Schumpeterian Theory of Convergence Clubs”. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, Paper No: 9104.
  • Hulten, C. R. (2001). “Total Factor Productivity A Short Biography”. National Bureau of Economic Research, 8: 1-54.
  • Keller, W. (1998). “Are International R&D Spillovers Trade-Related? Analyzing Spillovers Among Randomly Matched Trade Partners”. European Economic Review, 42: 1469-1481.
  • Keller, W. (2001). “International Technology Diffusion”. National Bureau of Economic Research, Paper No: 8573.
  • Keller, W. (2002). “Trade and the Transmission of Technology”. Journal of Economic Growth, 7: 5-24
  • Kendrick, J. W. (1961). “Productivity Trends in the United States”. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kim, T. ve Park, C. (2003). “R&D, Trade and Productivity Growth in Korean Manufacturing”.
  • Kortum, S. S. (1997). “Research, Patenting and Technological Change”. Journal of The Econometric Society, 65: 1389-1419.
  • Los, B. ve Verspagen, B. (2000). “R&D Spillovers and Productivity: Evidence from U.S. Manufacturing Microdata”. Empirical Economics, 25: 127-148.
  • Lucas, R., E. (1988). “On the Mechanisms of Economic Development”. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3-42.
  • Lundvall, B. A. (ed.) (1992). National Systems of Innovation: An Analytical Framework, London: Pinter.
  • Madsen, J. B. (2008). “Semi-Endogenous Versus Schumpeterian Growth Models: Testing the Knowledge Production Function Using International Data”. Journal of Economic Growth, 13: 1-26.
  • Meinen, G., Verbiest, P. ve Wolg, P. P. (1998). “Perpetual Inventory Method Service Lives Discard Patterns and Depreciation Methods”. Statistics Netherlands.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). “An Autodistributed Lag Modeling Approach to Cointegration Analysis”. Strom, S. (Ed.). Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289–326.
  • Prescott, E. C. (1998). “Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity”. International Economic Review, 39: 525-551.
  • Romer, P. M. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy, 92: 71-102.
  • Saygılı, Ş., Cihan, C. ve Yurtoğlu, H. (2002). “Türkiye Ekonomisinde SermayeBirikimi, Büyüme ve Verimlilik: 1972-2000”. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Yayın No: 2665.
  • Schankerman, M. (1981). “The Effects of Double-Counting and Expensing on the Measured Returns to R&D”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 454-458.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). “The Theory of Economic Development”. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  • Solow, R. M. (1957). “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 39: 312-320.
  • Verspagen, B. (1995). “R&D and Productivity: A Broad Cross-Section CrossCountry Look”. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6: 119-135.
  • Voutsinas, I. ve Tsamadias, C. (2014). “Does Research and Development Capital Affect Total Factor Productivity? Evidence from Greece”. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 23: 631-651.
  • Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K., Voyvoda, E. ve Özsan, M. E. (2012). “Orta Gelir Tuzağı’ndan Çıkış: Hangi Türkiye?” http://turkonfed.org/Files/ContentFile/ogt-1sektorel_analiz. pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2014).
  • Zachariadis, M. (2003). “R&D, Innovation and Technological Progress: A Test of the Schumpeterian Framework without Scale Effects”. Canadian Journal of Economics, 36: 566-586.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Özlem Fikirli Bu kişi benim

Ahmet Kibar Çetin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Fikirli, Ö., & Çetin, A. K. (2015). Ar-Ge Sermaye Birikiminin Toplam Faktör Verimliliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 4(2), 147-166.