Olgu Sunumu
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Donma Yaralanmalarının Tedavisi ve Rekonstrüksiyonunda Güncel Yaklaşımlar: Bir Olgu Sunumu

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 25 - 27, 28.03.2025

Öz

Giriş
Donma yaralanmaları, Türkiye gibi ılıman iklimlerde nadir görülse de, Doğu Anadolu gibi yüksek irtifalı ve soğuk bölgelerde oldukça yaygındır. Bu yaralanmalar, özellikle mülteciler gibi uzun süre soğuğa maruz kalan hassas popülasyonlarda sıkça gözlemlenir. Patofizyolojik olarak, doku hasarı buz kristallerinin oluşumuna bağlıdır—bu kristaller ya hücre içinde oluşarak doğrudan hücre ölümüne neden olur ya da hücre dışında oluşarak ozmotik dehidrasyona yol açar. Ciddi komplikasyonları, nekroz ve ampütasyonları önlemek için erken dönemde ısıtma protokolleri ile müdahale edilmesi kritik öneme sahiptir.

Olgu
24 yaşındaki erkek bir mülteci, bir hafta boyunca karlı yollarda yürümüş ve ellerinde ve ayaklarında donma yaralanmaları gelişmiştir. Hastaneye başvurusunda, büllöz lezyonlar, uzamış kapiller dolum süresi ve ekstremitelerde zayıf dolaşım tespit edilmiştir. İlk tedavi sürecinde, anti-enflamatuar (ibuprofen), antikoagülan (heparin) ve periferik vazodilatasyon (pentoksifilin) tedavileri uygulanmıştır. Bir hafta sonra demarkasyon hatları oluşmuş ve etkilenen parmakların ampütasyonu gerekmiştir. Sol kalkaneal bölgedeki derin doku defekti, ters sural arter flebi ile onarılmış; sağ kalkaneal defekte ise ikinci bir cerrahi işlemle tam kalınlıkta deri grefti uygulanmıştır.

Sonuç
Donma yaralanmaları, doku kaybını ve komplikasyonları en aza indirmek için hızlı tanı ve müdahale gerektirir. Gecikmiş vakalarda ampütasyonlar ve rekonstrüktif cerrahiler kaçınılmaz hale gelmektedir. Başarılı sonuçlar için tıbbi ve cerrahi yönetimi içeren multidisipliner bir yaklaşım şarttır. Donmaya bağlı morbiditeyi azaltmak için koruyucu önlemler, risk altındaki popülasyonların eğitimi ve sağlık hizmetlerine zamanında erişim büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Xu X, Tikuisis P, Gonzalez RR. Thermoregulatory modeling of cold survival. Mil Med. 2003;168(7):556-565.
  • 2. Wilson PW. Mechanisms of cold injury. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(3):1456-1464.
  • 3. Imray CHE, Grieve A, Dhillon S. Cold damage to the extremities: Frostbite and non-freezing cold injuries. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85(1007):481-488.
  • 4. Mills WJ, Whaley R, Block JE. Frostbite: Cold-induced tissue injury and its treatment. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2004;56(6):1334-1340.
  • 5. McIntosh SE, Opacic M, Freer L, Leemon D. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. Wilderness \& Environ Med. 2011;22(2):156-166.
  • 6. Manganello JA, Lyons BA. Frostbite injuries: Risk factors, clinical features, and management. J Emerg Med. 2018;45(4):567-573.
  • 7. Sulaiman AR, Adhikari A, Balasubramanian D. Reverse sural artery flap in distal extremity reconstruction: A clinical review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020;8(3):e2784.

Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 25 - 27, 28.03.2025

Öz

Introduction
Frostbite injuries, though uncommon in temperate climates like Turkey, are prevalent in high-altitude, cold regions such as Eastern Anatolia. These injuries are particularly observed in vulnerable populations exposed to prolonged cold, such as refugees. Pathophysiologically, tissue damage occurs due to ice crystal formation—either intracellularly, leading to direct cell death, or extracellularly, causing osmotic dehydration. Early intervention with rewarming protocols is crucial to prevent severe complications, including necrosis and amputations.
Case
A 24-year-old male refugee walked on snowy roads for a week, resulting in frostbite injuries to his hands and feet. On admission, he presented with bullae formation, prolonged capillary refill, and weak circulation in the extremities. Initial management included anti-inflammatory (ibuprofen), anticoagulant (heparin), and peripheral vasodilation (pentoxifylline) therapies. After one week, demarcation lines developed, necessitating amputation of affected fingers. A reverse sural artery flap was used to reconstruct the deep tissue defect in the left calcaneal region, while a full-thickness skin graft was applied to the right calcaneal defect in a secondary procedure.
Conclusion
Frostbite injuries require prompt diagnosis and intervention to minimize tissue loss and complications. In delayed cases, amputations and reconstructive surgeries become inevitable. A multidisciplinary approach, including medical and surgical management, is critical for successful outcomes. Preventive measures, education of at-risk populations, and timely access to healthcare are essential in reducing frostbite-related morbidity.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Xu X, Tikuisis P, Gonzalez RR. Thermoregulatory modeling of cold survival. Mil Med. 2003;168(7):556-565.
  • 2. Wilson PW. Mechanisms of cold injury. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(3):1456-1464.
  • 3. Imray CHE, Grieve A, Dhillon S. Cold damage to the extremities: Frostbite and non-freezing cold injuries. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85(1007):481-488.
  • 4. Mills WJ, Whaley R, Block JE. Frostbite: Cold-induced tissue injury and its treatment. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2004;56(6):1334-1340.
  • 5. McIntosh SE, Opacic M, Freer L, Leemon D. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. Wilderness \& Environ Med. 2011;22(2):156-166.
  • 6. Manganello JA, Lyons BA. Frostbite injuries: Risk factors, clinical features, and management. J Emerg Med. 2018;45(4):567-573.
  • 7. Sulaiman AR, Adhikari A, Balasubramanian D. Reverse sural artery flap in distal extremity reconstruction: A clinical review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020;8(3):e2784.
Toplam 7 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Acil Tıp, Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Case Report
Yazarlar

İhtişam Zafer Cengiz 0000-0002-9372-5830

Fatma Çakmak 0000-0002-5770-3554

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Cengiz, İ. Z., & Çakmak, F. (2025). Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports, 16(1), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.33706/jemcr.1603900
AMA Cengiz İZ, Çakmak F. Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports. Mart 2025;16(1):25-27. doi:10.33706/jemcr.1603900
Chicago Cengiz, İhtişam Zafer, ve Fatma Çakmak. “Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report”. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports 16, sy. 1 (Mart 2025): 25-27. https://doi.org/10.33706/jemcr.1603900.
EndNote Cengiz İZ, Çakmak F (01 Mart 2025) Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports 16 1 25–27.
IEEE İ. Z. Cengiz ve F. Çakmak, “Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report”, Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports, c. 16, sy. 1, ss. 25–27, 2025, doi: 10.33706/jemcr.1603900.
ISNAD Cengiz, İhtişam Zafer - Çakmak, Fatma. “Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report”. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports 16/1 (Mart 2025), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.33706/jemcr.1603900.
JAMA Cengiz İZ, Çakmak F. Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports. 2025;16:25–27.
MLA Cengiz, İhtişam Zafer ve Fatma Çakmak. “Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report”. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports, c. 16, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 25-27, doi:10.33706/jemcr.1603900.
Vancouver Cengiz İZ, Çakmak F. Current Approaches in the Treatment and Reconstruction of Frostbite Injuries: A Case Report. Journal of Emergency Medicine Case Reports. 2025;16(1):25-7.