İklim Adaletinin Dönüşümü: Çevre Etiği ve İnsan-Doğa İlişkilerinde Yeni Yaklaşımlar

Öz

Bu çalışma, çevre etiği perspektifinden iklim adaletini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. İklim adaleti, özellikle uluslararası, sınıfsal ve cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri bağlamında incelenirken, türler arası eşitsizlik ve doğa ile olan bağ genellikle göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu çalışma, iklim krizini adil bir şekilde sona erdirmek için çevre etiği temelli bir öneri sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada, literatür taraması ve teorik analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak, çevre etiği yaklaşımları (antroposentrik, biyosentrik ve ekosentrik) incelenmiş ve iklim adaleti kavramı bu yaklaşımlar ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, derin ekoloji ve adalet teorilerinden yararlanılarak iklim değişikliği ve adalet arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, iklim değişikliğinin sadece insan toplulukları arasında değil, aynı zamanda insanlar ve doğa arasında da ciddi adaletsizlikler yarattığını ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle düşük gelirli grupların ve kadınların iklim değişikliğinden daha fazla etkilendiği, ancak daha az sorumlu oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, iklim adaletinin sağlanabilmesi için insan-doğa ilişkilerinin yeniden tanımlanması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. İklim değişikliği, sadece adil bir dağılım sorunu değil, aynı zamanda insanın doğayla olan ilişkisinin yeniden yapılandırılmasını gerektiren bir krizdir. Bu krizle başa çıkmak için çevre etiği perspektifinden daha kapsayıcı ve adil yaklaşımlar geliştirilmelidir. Derin ekoloji yaklaşımı, insan ihtiyaçlarının ötesinde doğanın içsel değerini kabul ederek, sürdürülebilir bir gelecek için önemli bir rehber sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, iklim adaletini sadece insan toplulukları arasındaki eşitsizlikler bağlamında değil, aynı zamanda türler arası eşitsizlikler ve doğanın etik bir özne olarak tanınması bağlamında ele alarak literatüre özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İklim Adaleti
• Çevre Etiği
• Derin Ekoloji
• Antroposentrik Yaklaşım
• Biyosentrik Yaklaşım

The Transformation of Climate Justice: New Approaches in Environmental Ethics and Human-Nature Relations

Öz

This study aims to examine climate justice from the perspective of environmental ethics. While climate justice is often discussed in the context of international, class, and gender inequalities, the inequality between species and the connection to nature are frequently overlooked. This study seeks to propose an environmental ethics-based approach to end the climate crisis justly. The study employs literature review and theoretical analysis methods to examine environmental ethics approaches (anthropocentric, biocentric, and ecocentric) and evaluate the concept of climate justice in light of these approaches. Additionally, it explores the relationship between climate change and justice by drawing on deep ecology and justice theories. The study reveals that climate change creates significant injustices not only among human communities but also between humans and nature. It is found that low-income groups and women are more adversely affected by climate change despite being less responsible for it. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need to redefine human-nature relationships to achieve climate justice. Climate change is not merely a matter of fair distribution but also a crisis that necessitates restructuring the human-nature relationship. Inclusive and fair approaches from an environmental ethics perspective must be developed to address this crisis. The deep ecology approach, which acknowledges the intrinsic value of nature beyond human needs, provides crucial guidance for a sustainable future. This study contributes uniquely to the literature by addressing climate justice in the context of not only human inequalities but also interspecies inequalities and recognizing nature as an ethical subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Climate Justice
• Environmental Ethics
• Deep Ecology
• Anthropocentric Approach
• Biocentric Approach

Kaynakça

1. Artuç, A. (2021). Deep ecology and environmental ethics. Ecological Studies, 18(3), 167-182.
2. Audet, R. (2013). Climate justice and bargaining coalitions: A discourse analysis. International Environmental Agreements, 13, 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-012-9195-9
3. Barry, B. (1989). Theories of justice. University of California Press.
4. Bozoğlu, E. (2019). Climate change and its impacts. Environmental Research Letters, 14(2), 32-48.
5. Bullard, R. D. (1993). Anatomy of environmental racism and the environmental justice movement. In Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. South End Press.
6. Bullard, R. D., & Wright, B. H. (2009). Race, place, and environmental justice after Hurricane Katrina: Struggles to reclaim, rebuild, and revitalize New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. Westview Press.
7. Cameron, E., Shine, T., & Bevins, W. (2013). Climate justice: Equity and justice informing a new climate agreement. World Resources Institute Mary Robinson Foundation Climate Justice.
8. Campbell, J., & Moyers, B. (2017). The power of myth. Anchor Books.

9. Cerrell Associates. (1984). Political difficulties facing waste-to-energy conversion plant siting. California State Solid Waste Management Board.
10. Cevizci, A. (2021). Introduction to philosophy. Istanbul: Sentez Yayıncılık.
11. Chung-En Liu, J., & Mayerfeld Bell, M. (2017). Environmental sociology. In K. O. Korgen (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Sociology. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316418376.043
12. Crutzen:J., & Steffen, W. (2003). How long have we been in the Anthropocene era? Climatic Change, 61(3), 251-257.
13. Demirci, D. (2013). The problem of intergenerational justice in the context of climate change. Journal of Philosophical Studies, 23(4), 183-200.
14. Luke, T. W. (2002). Deep ecology: Living as if nature mattered: Devall and Sessions on defending the earth. Organization & Environment, 15(2), 178-186.
15. Naess, A. (1973). The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement. A summary. Inquiry, 16(1-4), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201747308601682
16. Des Jardins, J. R. (2001). Environmental ethics: An introduction to environmental philosophy. Wadsworth.
17. Des Jardins, J. R. (2006). Environmental ethics: Concepts, policy, and theory. Wadsworth.
18. Devall, B., & Sessions, G. (1999). Deep ecology: Living as if nature mattered. Gibbs Smith.
19. Doğru, E., & Gökalp Alıca, B. (2019). Climate justice and social justice. Journal of Human Rights, 7(1), 10-28.
20. Dolsák, N., & Prakash, A. (2022). Three faces of climate justice. Annual Review of Political Science, 25, 283-301. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-125514
21. Durban Group for Climate Justice. (2004). Durban declaration on carbon trading.
22. Environmental Justice Leadership Forum on Climate Change. (2009). Principles of climate justice.
23. EPA. (2022). Environmental justice. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice
24. Ermumcu, M. Ş. K., Aloğlu, B., Akdağ, N., & Köroğlu, N. B. (2024). Türkiye beslenme rehberinde yaş gruplarına özgü önerilen menülerin yaşam döngüsü göstergeleriyle incelenmesi: Su ve karbon ayak İzi. Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 144-164.
25. Geschwind, S. A., et al. (1992). Risk of congenital malformations associated with proximity to hazardous waste sites. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(11), 1197-1207.
26. ILO. (2021, October 22). Frequently asked questions on just transition. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/green-jobs/WCMS_824102/lang--en/index.htm
27. International Climate Justice Network. (2002, August 28). Bali Principles of Climate Justice. Corpwatch. https://www.corpwatch.org/article/bali-principles-climate-justice
28. IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014 synthesis report (Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (Eds.)]). IPCC.
29. IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
30. IPCC. (2022a). About—IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/about/
31. IPCC. (2022b). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf
32. IPCC. (2023). Sixth assessment report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
33. Kant, I. (2002). Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals (trans. M. J. Gregor). Cambridge University Press.
34. Kılıç, F. (2008). Criticisms of Peter Singer's pain-centered ethics. Journal of Moral Philosophy, 14(3), 156-162.
35. Köybaşı, F. (2018). Legal status of animals and the problem of speciesism. Adalet Yayınları.
36. Kurnaz, M. L. (2022). Climate change and its effects. Palgrave Macmillan.
37. La Fondation Droit Animal. (2023). Universal declaration of animal rights. Retrieved from https://www.fondation-droits-animal.org/en/
38. Lu, J. (2018). The Keeling curve and climate change. Science Press.
39. Mathis, K. (2009). Intergenerational justice: Key issues and concepts. Routledge.
40. Mercan, G., & Varol Selçuk, Z. (2024). Integrating environmental justice and education: A comprehensive review. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 12(2), 73-83.
41. NASA. (2022). Carbon dioxide concentrations. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/
42. Needleman, H. L., et al. (1990). The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. New England Journal of Medicine, 322(2), 83-88.
43. Neumann, R. P. (2012). Making political ecology. Routledge.
44. Nordhaus, W. D. (2020). The climate casino: Risk, uncertainty, and economics for a warming world. Yale University Press.
45. Novotny:(2000). Where we live, work and play: The environmental justice movement and the struggle for a new environmentalism. Praeger.
46. People of Color Environmental Justice Leadership Summit. (2004). Climate justice declaration.
47. People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit. (1991). Principles of environmental justice.
48. People’s Declaration for Climate Justice. (2022).
49. Rahmstorf, S., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2020). The climate crisis. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag.
50. Rawls, J. (2020). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
51. Rawls, J. (2021). Justice as fairness: A restatement. Harvard University Press.
52. Regan, T. (2003). The case for animal rights. University of California Press.
53. Regan, T. (2007). Empty cages: Facing the challenge of animal rights. Rowman & Littlefield.
54. Sandel, M. J. (2020). Justice: What's the right thing to do? Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
55. Schlosberg, D., & Collins, L. B. (2014). From environmental to climate justice: Climate change and the discourse of environmental justice. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(3), 359-374.
56. Schweitzer, A. (1998). Reverence for life: The ethical principles of Albert Schweitzer. Open Court.
57. Singer:(2018). Practical ethics (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
58. Singer:(2021). Animal liberation. HarperCollins.
59. Solomon, R. C. (2004). Morality and the good life. McGraw-Hill.
60. Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge University Press.
61. Talu, N. (2015). Climate change: Challenges and responses. Springer.
62. Taylor:W. (2011). Respect for nature: A theory of environmental ethics. Princeton University Press.
63. TBMM. (2021). Climate change and its effects. Turkish Grand National Assembly.
64. Türkeş, M. (2008). Climate change and global warming: Science, policy, and societal impacts. TUBITAK.
65. UNFCCC Climate Change Secretariat. (2004). Third assessment report. United Nations.
66. UNFCCC. (1997). Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change.
67. UNFCCC. (2022). Sharm El-Sheikh implementation plan.
68. United Nations Climate Action. (2022). What is climate change? Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change
69. US EPA. (2022, July 18). Environmental justice timeline. https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/environmental-justice-timeline
70. Uzmen, D. (2007). The Milankovitch cycles and their role in climate change. Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(1), 35-45.
71. Ünder, E. (1996). Ethics and the environment: Theoretical perspectives. Metis Publications.
72. Walker, G., & King, D. (2009). The hot topic: What we can do about global warming. Bloomsbury Publishing.
73. Wernette, D. R., & Nieves, L. A. (1992). Breathing polluted air: Minorities are disproportionately exposed. EPA Journal, 18(1), 16-17.
74. WMO. (2022). Greenhouse gas bulletin. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved from https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/greenhouse-gas-bulletin
75. Yağanak, T., & Önkal, D. (2005). Anthropocentric and biocentric approaches in environmental ethics. Philosophical Inquiry, 26(3), 45-60.