Kullanılmış Kızartma Yağlarından Üretilen Sıvı Sabunların Hijyen Etkinliğinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışma; bitkisel atık yağlardan (kullanılmış kızartma yağlarından) evsel temizlik için sıvı sabunlar üretiminde yararlanılabileceğini ortaya koymak ve üretilen bu sıvı sabunların hijyen etkinliğini ölçmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylece hem ekonomi ve çevre için olumlu katkılar sağlayacak bir geri dönüşüm örneği sunulmakta, hem de sağlık için uygun doğal katkılarla zenginleştirilmiş sabunların yeterli hijyen sağlayabileceği gösterilmektedir. Evlerden alınan atık kızartma yağının kullanımıyla, sıvı formda sodyum ve potasyum sabunları üretildi. Bunların karışımına (4/5 sodyum sabunu 1/5 potasyum sabunu) çeşitli katkılar ilâvesiyle dört çeşit ürün hazırlandı. Et işletmelerinde etle temas eden yüzeyler bu ürünlerle silinerek temizlik işlemi yapıldı. Temizlikten önce ve sonra yüzeylerden ISO 18593:2018 Standartı (Gıda Zinciri Mikrobiyolojisi – Yüzey Örneklemesi İçin Yatay Yöntemler) uyarınca numuneler alındı. Mikrobiyolojik testler, hazır besiyeri plakaları ve swab çubuklarından oluşan 3M Petrifilm sistemi ile gerçekleştirildi. Gıda patojenlerinden bazı bakteriler için hazırlanmış üç farklı besiyeri plakası kullanımıyla, ürünlerin hijyen sağlama etkinliği araştırıldı. Numune alımının ardından, laboratuvarda Petrifilmlere ekim yapıldı ve bakteri türüne göre inkübasyon uygulanarak, plakalarda oluşan koloniler sayıldı. Koloni sayımları, ISO 4832:2006 (Gıda ve Hayvan Yemi Mikrobiyolojisi Standartı) temelinde yapıldı. Temizlik işlemi öncesi ve sonrası koloni sayıları kıyaslanarak, sabunların bakteriyel inhibisyon oranları hesaplandı. Değerler, genelde yüksek bulundu ve bazı yüzeylerde %100 civarında kaydedildi. Örneğin, bakteriyel yükün yüksek olduğu alanlardan olan bir beyaz et parçalama tahtasında, Enterobacteriaceae (Enterobakterler) plakasındaki koloni sayımları, soda-boraks katkılı sabunla temizlik öncesinde 1,4 x 103 kob/yüzey iken, sonrasında < 10 kob/yüzey ve askılı terazi zemininde klor katkılı sabunla coliforms (koliformlar) sayımı temizlik öncesinde 6,0 x 10 iken, sonrasında yine < 10 kob/yüzey oldu.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atık Gıda Yağları
• Geri Dönüşüm
• Sabunlaştırma
• Gıda Patojenleri
• Swab Testleri
• Hijyen

Study of Hygienic Efficacy of Soaps Made of Waste Cooking Oils

Öz

This study was carried out to demonstrate that waste vegetable oils (used cooking oils) can be utilized in the production of liquid soaps for domestic cleaning and to measure the hygiene efficiency of these liquid soaps. Thus, an example of recycling that will contribute positively to the economy and the environment is presented, and it is shown that soaps enriched with natural additives suitable for health can provide adequate hygiene. Sodium and potassium soaps were produced in liquid form using waste cooking oil from households. Four types of products were prepared by adding various additives to their mixture (4/5 sodium soap, 1/5 potassium soap). Cleaning was performed by wiping the surfaces in contact with meat in meat processing plants with these products. Samples were taken from the surfaces before and after cleaning in accordance with the ISO 18593:2018 Standard (Microbiology of the Food Chain—Horizontal Methods for Surface Sampling). Microbiological tests were performed with the 3M Petrifilm system consisting of ready-to-use medium plates and swab sticks. The hygiene efficiency of the products was investigated by using three different medium plates prepared for some bacteria from food pathogens. After sample collection, the Petrifilms were inoculated in the laboratory, and the colonies formed on the plates were counted after incubation according to the bacterial species. Colony counts were based on the ISO 4832:2006 (the Standard of Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs). After collecting samples, Petrifilms were inoculated and incubated in the laboratory. Following the incubation, the colonies that grew on them were counted, and by comparing the Petrifilm plates before and after the cleaning procedure, the bacterial inhibition rates were estimated. Colony counting was based on the ISO 4832:2006 (Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuff). The bacterial inhibition rates of the soaps were calculated by comparing the colony counts before and after the cleaning process. Values were generally found to be high and recorded around 100% on some surfaces. For example, on a cutting board for white meat, which is an area with a high bacterial load, the colony counts of Enterobacteriaceae on the plate were 1.4 x 103 CFU/surface before cleaning with soap containing soda-borax, while afterwards it was < 10 CFU/surface. Similarly, on the surface of a suspended scale, the coliform count before cleaning with chlorine-containing soap was 6.0 x 10, and afterwards it also dropped to < 10 CFU/surface.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Waste Cooking Oils
• Recycling
• Saponification
• Food Pathogens
• Swab Tests
• Hygiene

Kaynakça

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