Araştırma Makalesi
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AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TURKEY USING AUGMENTED ARDL ANALYSIS

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 , 36 - 49 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1910197
https://izlik.org/JA68MW89PC

Öz

This study examines the relationship between information and communication technologies, electricity consumption, and economic growth in Turkey using a dataset from 1993-2023 and employing Augmented ARDL and Hacker Hatemi J (2006) Causality Analysis. The Augmented ARDL technique was used due to the varying stationarity levels of the series. The Augmented ARDL analysis revealed a long-term, positive relationship between the variables. The causality analysis also showed a unidirectional causal relationship from information and communication technologies and economic growth to electricity consumption. The findings indicate that the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies in Turkey, the acceleration of economic growth, and the deepening of financial markets are increasing electricity consumption. These results demonstrate that energy demand in the country is largely driven by digitalization and economic growth activities. In this context, while the sustainable growth process is increasing, the study highlights the importance of integrating electricity demand with digitalization processes, energy efficiency, and renewable energy policies.

Kaynakça

  • Adha, R., Hong, C. Y., Agrawal, S., & Li, L. H. (2023). ICT, carbon emissions, climate change, and energy demand nexus: The potential benefit of digitalization in Taiwan. Energy & Environment, 34(5), 1619-1638.
  • Afzal, M. N. I., Gow, J., & Rahman, A. (2019). Economic and Internet Growth Effect on Electricity Consumption in the BRICS Countries. International Advances in Economic Research, 25, 339-346. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11294-019-09743-6.
  • Akbaş, Y. E., & Lebe, F. (2015). Türkiye’de Sanayileşme, Finansal Gelişme, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kentleşmenin Enerji Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Araştırma. Ege Academic Review, 15(2), 197-206. https://izlik.org/JA73EW23FA.
  • Alper, F. Ö. (2024). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin Enerji Tüketimine Etkisi: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Örneği. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(2), 695-719. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1438771.
  • Amaluddin, A. (2020). The Dynamic Link of Electricity Consumption, Internet Access, and Economic Growth in 33 Provinces of Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(4), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9249.
  • Aydın, A. (2025). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Phillips Eğrisi Analizi: Güncel Zaman Serisi Tekniklerinden Yeni Kanıtlar. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1519861.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409.
  • Bulut, C., Fakhri, H., & Suleymanov, E. (2014, May). Enerji Kullanımı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkileri: Teori ve Ekonomi Politikaları (Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: Theory and Economic Policy). In Caucasus and Central Asia in Globalization Process IV International Congress (2-4 May 2014).
  • Christopoulos, D. K., & León‐Ledesma, M. A. (2008). Testing for Granger (non‐) causality in a time‐varying coefficient VAR model. Journal of Forecasting, 27(4), 293-303.
  • Collard, F., Fève, P., & Portier, F. (2005). Electricity consumption and ICT in the French service sector. Energy Economics, 27(3), 541-550.
  • Çadırcı, Ç., & Kaya, L. (2024). Enflasyon Ve Döviz Kuru Etkisi Altında Kamu Harcamaları ve Dış Borç İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Simetrik vee Asimetrik Nedensellik Analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 222-237. https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1427063.
  • Daştan, M. (2024). Enerji Güvenliği ve Jeopolitik Riskin Türkiye'nin Çevre Kalitesi Üzerindeki Rolü: Yeni Nesil Fourier Terimli Genişletilmiş ARDL Modelinden Kanıtlar. Uluslararası Ekonomi, İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 8(2), 262-284.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
  • Dinçer, S. (2025). Bireysel İnternet Kullanımı, Finansal Gelişme ve Elektrik Tüketimi İlişkisinin Fourier Augmented ARDL Yaklaşımıyla Analizi: Güney Kore Örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 58, 278-294. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1779006.
  • Faisal, F., Tursoy, T. & Berk, N. (2018). Linear and Non-Linear Impact of Internet Usage and Financial Deepening on Electricity Consumption for Turkey: Empirical Evidence from Asymmetric Causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(12), 11536-11555.
  • Ghosh, S. (2002). Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy, 30(2), 125-129.
  • Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500.
  • Han, B., Wang, D., Ding, W., & Han, L. (2016). Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Energy Consumption in China. Natural Hazards, 84(1), 297-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2188-1.
  • Ishida, H. (2015). The effect of ICT development on economic growth and energy consumption in Japan. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 79-88.
  • Kaya, M. V., Doyar, B. V., & Demir, F. (2017). The Effects of Internet Usage and GDP on Electricity Consumption: The Case of Turkey. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 24(1), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.307528.
  • Kırca, M., & Akkuş, Ö. (2020). Internet Usage, Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption: The Case of EU-15. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 576-594.
  • Kızılkaya, F. (2021). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kamu Harcamaları İlişkisinin Wagner Yasası Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi: Fourier Yaklaşımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 69, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.843045.
  • Kouton, J. (2019). Information Communication Technology Development and Energy Demand in African Countries. Energy, 189, 116192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116192.
  • Mago, S., & Mago, S. (2015). Information and communications technologies (ICTs) and livelihoods enhancement in agro-rural communities in Zimbabwe: Connections using the capabilities approach. Journal of Communication, 6(1), 93-103.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Test for Cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521.
  • Mete, E. (2021). Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: G7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(4), 1481-1495. https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.938207.
  • Moyer, J. D., & Hughes, B.B. (2012). ICTs: do They Contribute to Increased Carbon Emissions? Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang., 79, 919-931.
  • Mucuk, M., & Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye ekonomisinde enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157(1), 105-115.
  • Nasir, S., & Kalirajan, K. (2016). Information and communication technology-enabled modern services export performances of Asian economies. Asian Development Review, 33(1), 1-27.
  • Paul, S., & Bhattacharya, R. N. (2004). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in India: a note on conflicting results. Energy Economics, 26(6), 977-983.
  • Pesaran, H. M., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Rahimi, M., & Rad, A. A. (2017). Internet Usage, Electricity Consumption, and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of Developing-8 Countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(3), 152-156. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/article/351235.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010). The Impact of Financial Development on Energy Consumption in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.12.048.
  • Salahuddin, M., & Alam, K. (2015). Internet Usage, Electricity Consumption, and Economic Growth in Australia: A Time Series Evidence. Telematics and Informatics, 32(4), 862-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.04.011.
  • Sam, C. Y., Mcnown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Test for Cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141.
  • Shahiduzzaman, M., & Alam, K. (2014b) The Long-Run Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Economic Output: The Case of Australia. Telecommun. Policy, 38, 623-633.
  • Shahiduzzaman, M., & Alam, K., (2014a). Information Technology and its Changing Roles to Economic Growth and Productivity in Australia. Telecommun. Policy, 38(2), 125-135.
  • Sweeney, J. L. (2001). Energy economics. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 4300–4308). Elsevier.
  • Şeyranlıoğlu, O. & Çilek, A. (2024). Türkiye’de Finansal Dolarizasyon Şoklarının İstikrarının Sorgulanması: Yapısal Kırılmalı ve Fourier Birim Kök Testlerinden Kanıtlar. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 26(46), 407-423.
  • Tunali, C. B. (2016). The effect of information and communication technology on energy consumption in the European Union countries. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(5), 54-60.
  • Usman, A., Ozturk, I., Hassan, A., Zafar, S. M. & Ullah, S. (2021). The Effect of ICT on Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in South Asian Economies: An Empirical Analysis. Telematics and Informatics, 58, 101537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101537.
  • Yang, H. Y. (2000). A Note on the Causal Relationship Between Energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 22, 309-317.
  • Yilanci, V., Bozoklu, S., & Gorus, M. S. (2020). Are BRICS Countries Pollution Havens? Evidence from A Bootstrap ARDL Bounds Testing Approach With A Fourier Function. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, 102023.

TÜRKİYE’DE BİLGİ İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ, ELEKTRİK TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN AUGMENTED ARDL ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 , 36 - 49 , 29.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1910197
https://izlik.org/JA68MW89PC

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisi için 1993-2023 dönemine ait veri seti kullanılarak Augmented ARDL ve Hacker Hatemi J (2006) Nedensellik Analizi kapsamında bilgi iletişim teknolojileri, elektrik tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Serilerin farklı durağanlık düzeylerine sahip olması nedeniyle Augmented ARDL tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Augmented ARDL analizi sonucunda, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli ve pozitif bir ilişkinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Nedensellik analizi sonucunda da, bilgi iletişim teknolojilerinden ve ekonomik büyümeden elektrik tüketimine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde, Türkiye’de bilgi iletişim teknolojilerinin yaygınlaşması, ekonomik büyüme sürecinin hız kazanması, finansal piyasaların derinleşmesi elektrik tüketimini artırmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, ülkede enerji talebinin büyük oranda dijitalleşme ve ekonomik büyümedeki faaliyetlerden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Bu kapsamda sürdürülebilir büyüme süreci artış gösterirken elektrik talebinin, dijitalleşme süreçlerinin, enerji verimliliği ve yenilenebilir enerji politikalarıyla beraber entegre edilmesinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adha, R., Hong, C. Y., Agrawal, S., & Li, L. H. (2023). ICT, carbon emissions, climate change, and energy demand nexus: The potential benefit of digitalization in Taiwan. Energy & Environment, 34(5), 1619-1638.
  • Afzal, M. N. I., Gow, J., & Rahman, A. (2019). Economic and Internet Growth Effect on Electricity Consumption in the BRICS Countries. International Advances in Economic Research, 25, 339-346. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11294-019-09743-6.
  • Akbaş, Y. E., & Lebe, F. (2015). Türkiye’de Sanayileşme, Finansal Gelişme, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kentleşmenin Enerji Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Araştırma. Ege Academic Review, 15(2), 197-206. https://izlik.org/JA73EW23FA.
  • Alper, F. Ö. (2024). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinin Enerji Tüketimine Etkisi: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Örneği. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(2), 695-719. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1438771.
  • Amaluddin, A. (2020). The Dynamic Link of Electricity Consumption, Internet Access, and Economic Growth in 33 Provinces of Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(4), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9249.
  • Aydın, A. (2025). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Phillips Eğrisi Analizi: Güncel Zaman Serisi Tekniklerinden Yeni Kanıtlar. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1519861.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409.
  • Bulut, C., Fakhri, H., & Suleymanov, E. (2014, May). Enerji Kullanımı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkileri: Teori ve Ekonomi Politikaları (Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus: Theory and Economic Policy). In Caucasus and Central Asia in Globalization Process IV International Congress (2-4 May 2014).
  • Christopoulos, D. K., & León‐Ledesma, M. A. (2008). Testing for Granger (non‐) causality in a time‐varying coefficient VAR model. Journal of Forecasting, 27(4), 293-303.
  • Collard, F., Fève, P., & Portier, F. (2005). Electricity consumption and ICT in the French service sector. Energy Economics, 27(3), 541-550.
  • Çadırcı, Ç., & Kaya, L. (2024). Enflasyon Ve Döviz Kuru Etkisi Altında Kamu Harcamaları ve Dış Borç İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Simetrik vee Asimetrik Nedensellik Analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 222-237. https://doi.org/10.33707/akuiibfd.1427063.
  • Daştan, M. (2024). Enerji Güvenliği ve Jeopolitik Riskin Türkiye'nin Çevre Kalitesi Üzerindeki Rolü: Yeni Nesil Fourier Terimli Genişletilmiş ARDL Modelinden Kanıtlar. Uluslararası Ekonomi, İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 8(2), 262-284.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
  • Dinçer, S. (2025). Bireysel İnternet Kullanımı, Finansal Gelişme ve Elektrik Tüketimi İlişkisinin Fourier Augmented ARDL Yaklaşımıyla Analizi: Güney Kore Örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 58, 278-294. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1779006.
  • Faisal, F., Tursoy, T. & Berk, N. (2018). Linear and Non-Linear Impact of Internet Usage and Financial Deepening on Electricity Consumption for Turkey: Empirical Evidence from Asymmetric Causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(12), 11536-11555.
  • Ghosh, S. (2002). Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy, 30(2), 125-129.
  • Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500.
  • Han, B., Wang, D., Ding, W., & Han, L. (2016). Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Energy Consumption in China. Natural Hazards, 84(1), 297-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2188-1.
  • Ishida, H. (2015). The effect of ICT development on economic growth and energy consumption in Japan. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 79-88.
  • Kaya, M. V., Doyar, B. V., & Demir, F. (2017). The Effects of Internet Usage and GDP on Electricity Consumption: The Case of Turkey. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 24(1), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.307528.
  • Kırca, M., & Akkuş, Ö. (2020). Internet Usage, Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption: The Case of EU-15. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 576-594.
  • Kızılkaya, F. (2021). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kamu Harcamaları İlişkisinin Wagner Yasası Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi: Fourier Yaklaşımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 69, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.843045.
  • Kouton, J. (2019). Information Communication Technology Development and Energy Demand in African Countries. Energy, 189, 116192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116192.
  • Mago, S., & Mago, S. (2015). Information and communications technologies (ICTs) and livelihoods enhancement in agro-rural communities in Zimbabwe: Connections using the capabilities approach. Journal of Communication, 6(1), 93-103.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Test for Cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521.
  • Mete, E. (2021). Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: G7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(4), 1481-1495. https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.938207.
  • Moyer, J. D., & Hughes, B.B. (2012). ICTs: do They Contribute to Increased Carbon Emissions? Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang., 79, 919-931.
  • Mucuk, M., & Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye ekonomisinde enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157(1), 105-115.
  • Nasir, S., & Kalirajan, K. (2016). Information and communication technology-enabled modern services export performances of Asian economies. Asian Development Review, 33(1), 1-27.
  • Paul, S., & Bhattacharya, R. N. (2004). Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in India: a note on conflicting results. Energy Economics, 26(6), 977-983.
  • Pesaran, H. M., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Rahimi, M., & Rad, A. A. (2017). Internet Usage, Electricity Consumption, and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of Developing-8 Countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(3), 152-156. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/article/351235.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2010). The Impact of Financial Development on Energy Consumption in Emerging Economies. Energy Policy, 38(5), 2528-2535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.12.048.
  • Salahuddin, M., & Alam, K. (2015). Internet Usage, Electricity Consumption, and Economic Growth in Australia: A Time Series Evidence. Telematics and Informatics, 32(4), 862-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.04.011.
  • Sam, C. Y., Mcnown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Test for Cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141.
  • Shahiduzzaman, M., & Alam, K. (2014b) The Long-Run Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Economic Output: The Case of Australia. Telecommun. Policy, 38, 623-633.
  • Shahiduzzaman, M., & Alam, K., (2014a). Information Technology and its Changing Roles to Economic Growth and Productivity in Australia. Telecommun. Policy, 38(2), 125-135.
  • Sweeney, J. L. (2001). Energy economics. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 4300–4308). Elsevier.
  • Şeyranlıoğlu, O. & Çilek, A. (2024). Türkiye’de Finansal Dolarizasyon Şoklarının İstikrarının Sorgulanması: Yapısal Kırılmalı ve Fourier Birim Kök Testlerinden Kanıtlar. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 26(46), 407-423.
  • Tunali, C. B. (2016). The effect of information and communication technology on energy consumption in the European Union countries. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(5), 54-60.
  • Usman, A., Ozturk, I., Hassan, A., Zafar, S. M. & Ullah, S. (2021). The Effect of ICT on Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in South Asian Economies: An Empirical Analysis. Telematics and Informatics, 58, 101537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101537.
  • Yang, H. Y. (2000). A Note on the Causal Relationship Between Energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 22, 309-317.
  • Yilanci, V., Bozoklu, S., & Gorus, M. S. (2020). Are BRICS Countries Pollution Havens? Evidence from A Bootstrap ARDL Bounds Testing Approach With A Fourier Function. Sustainable Cities and Society, 55, 102023.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayşe Eryer 0000-0002-6556-1605

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mart 2026
Kabul Tarihi 23 Nisan 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1910197
IZ https://izlik.org/JA68MW89PC
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eryer, A. (2026). TÜRKİYE’DE BİLGİ İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ, ELEKTRİK TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN AUGMENTED ARDL ANALİZİ İLE İNCELENMESİ. Journal of Economics and Research, 7(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.53280/jer.1910197

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